Abstract

The correlation between long-term exposure to SRF-EMR and the decline in male fertility is gradually receiving increasing attention from the medical society. While male reproductive organs are often exposed to SRF-EMR, little is currently known about the direct effects of long-term SRF-EMR exposure on the testes and its involvement in the suppression of male reproductive potential. The present study was designed to investigate this issue by using 4G SRF-EMR in rats. A unique exposure model using a 4G smartphone achieved localized exposure to the scrotum of the rats for 6 h each day (the smartphone was kept on active talk mode and received an external call for 1 min over 10 min intervals). Results showed that SRF-EMR exposure for 150 days decreased sperm quality and pup weight, accompanied by testicular injury. However, these adverse effects were not evident in rats exposed to SRF-EMR for 50 days or 100 days. Sequencing analysis and western blotting suggested Spock3 overexpression in the testes of rats exposed to SRF-EMR for 150 days. Inhibition of Spock3 overexpression improved sperm quality decline and alleviated testicular injury and BTB disorder in the exposed rats. Additionally, SRF-EMR exposure suppressed MMP2 activity, while increasing the activity of the MMP14–Spock3 complexes and decreasing MMP14–MMP2 complexes; these results were reversed by Spock3 inhibition. Thus, long-term exposure to 4G SRF-EMR diminished male fertility by directly disrupting the Spock3–MMP2–BTB axis in the testes of adult rats. To our knowledge, this is the first study to show direct toxicity of SRF-EMR on the testes emerging after long-term exposure.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31514029/

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2019 Volume 248 Issue 3 Pages 169-179

https://doi.org/10.1620/tjem.248.169

Abstract

Extensive use of Wi-Fi has contributed to radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) pollution in environment. Various studies have been conducted to evaluate the effect of RF-EMR emitted by Wi-Fi transmitter on male reproduction health. However, there are conflicting findings between studies. Thus, this review aims to elucidate the possible effects of 2.45 GHz Wi-Fi exposure on both animal and human male reproductive system. A computerized database search performed through MEDLINE via Ovid and PUBMED with the following set of keywords: ‘Wi-Fi or WiFi or wireless fidelity or Wi-Fi router or WiFi router or electromagnetic or radiofrequency radiation’ AND ‘sperm or spermatozoa or spermatogenesis or semen or seminal plasma or testes or testis or testosterone or male reproduction’ had returned 526 articles. Only 17 studies conformed to pre-set inclusion criterion. Additional records identified through Google Scholar and reviewed article further revealed six eligible articles. A total of 23 articles were used for data extraction, including 15 studies on rats, three studies on mice, and five studies on human health. Sperm count, motility and DNA integrity were the most affected parameters when exposed to RF-EMR emitted by Wi-Fi transmitter. Unfortunately, sperm viability and morphology were inconclusive. Structural and/or physiological analyses of the testes showed degenerative changes, reduced testosterone level, increased apoptotic cells, and DNA damage. These effects were mainly due to the elevation of testicular temperature and oxidative stress activity. In conclusion, exposure towards 2.45 GHz RF-EMR emitted by Wi-Fi transmitter is hazardous on the male reproductive system.

© 2019 Tohoku University Medical Press

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Front. Public Health | doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00223

Radiation exposure has long been a concern for the public, policy makers and health researchers. Beginning with radar during World War II, human exposure to radio-frequency radiation (RFR) technologies has grown more than 100,000-fold over time. In 2011, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) reviewed the published literature and categorized RFR as a ‘possible’ (Group 2B) human carcinogen. A broad range of adverse human health effects associated with RFR have been reported since the IARC review. In addition, three large-scale carcinogenicity studies in rodents exposed to levels of RFR that mimic lifetime human exposures have shown significantly increased rates of Schwannomas and malignant gliomas, as well as chromosomal DNA damage. Of particular concern are the effects of RFR exposure on the developing brain in children. Compared with an adult male, a cell phone held against the head of a child exposes deeper brain structures to greater radiation doses per unit volume, and the young, thin skull’s bone marrow absorbs a roughly 10-fold higher local dose. Recent reports also suggest that men who keep cell phones in their trouser pockets have significantly lower sperm counts and significantly impaired sperm motility and morphology, including mitochondrial DNA damage. Based on the accumulated evidence, we recommend that IARC re-evaluate its 2011 classification of the human carcinogenicity of RFR, and that WHO complete a systematic review of multiple other health effects such as sperm damage. In the interim, current knowledge provides justification for governments, public health authorities, and physicians/allied health professionals to warn the population that having a cell phone next to the body is harmful, and to support measures to reduce all exposures to RFR.

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2019.00223/full

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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.05.017

Highlights

Electromagnetic fields (EMF) causes an imbalance between pro-oxidant and antioxidant mechanisms. EMF increases reactive oxygen species production.

Exposure to EMF leads to disruptions in spermatogenic cells.

Exposure to GSM-modulated EMF causes an increase in superoxide formation levels in human spermatozoa.

Abstract

Humans are exposed to increasing levels of electromagnetic fields (EMF) at various frequencies as technology advances. In this context, improving understanding of the biological effects of EMF remains an important, high priority issue. Although a number of studies in this issue and elsewhere have focused on the mechanisms of the oxidative stress caused by EMF, the precise understanding of the processes involved remains to be elucidated. Due to unclear results among the studies, the issue of EMF exposure in the literature should be evaluated at the genomic level on the reproductive system. Based on this requirement, a detail review of recently published studies is necessary. The main objectives of this study are to show differences between negative and positive effect of EMF on the reproductive system of animal and human. Extensive review of literature has been made based on well known data bases like Web of Science, PubMed, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Scopus. This paper reviews the current literature and is intended to contribute to a better understanding of the genotoxic effects of EMF emitted from mobile phones and wireless systems on the human reproductive system, especially on fertility. The current literature reveals that mobile phones can affect cellular functions via non-thermal effects. Although the cellular targets of global system for mobile communications (GSM)-modulated EMF are associated with the cell membrane, the subject is still controversial. Studies regarding the genotoxic effects of EMF have generally focused on DNA damage. Possible mechanisms are related to ROS formation due to oxidative stress. EMF increases ROS production by enhancing the activity of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) oxidase in the cell membrane. Further detailed studies are needed to elucidate DNA damage mechanisms and apoptotic pathways during oogenesis and spermatogenesis in germ cells exposed to EMF.

Abbreviations

• EMF, electromagnetic field;
• NADH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide;
• ROS, reactive oxygen species;
• 8-OHdG, 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine;
• RNS, reactive nitrogen species;
• TNF, tumour necrosis factor;
• PKC, protein kinase C;
• DR, death receptor;
• TNFR, TNF receptor;
• TRAIL, TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand;
• Apaf-1, apoptosis protease activating factor-1;
• MAP, mitogen-activated protein, Fas fatty acid synthase;
• 4HNE, 4-hydroxynoneNal;
• ETC, electron transport chain;
• GSM, global system for mobile communications;
• SAR, specific absorption rate

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Abstract

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“Scientific literature has proven that exposure to wireless radiation is responsible for numerous medical symptoms and conditions,” said Lisa Lavine Nagy, M.D., government liaison for the Academy of Environmental Medicine. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Electromagnetic+Fields/adverse+effects%22%5bMAJR

A landmark study by the National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) has proven that DNA damage as well as brain and heart tumors develop in mice exposed to cell phone radiation, she said. https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFpbnx1bmRlcnN0YW5kaW5nZW1mc3xneDo0ZjU2MDRlMDY3ZTI3OWU3

Other studies report lowered sperm count in men as well as damage to the fetal brain when a pregnant woman uses the cell phone. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22112647

Dr. Martha Herbert, specialist in pediatric neurology and a leading autism researcher at Harvard has observed links between wireless radiation exposure and autism.

An “Autism Innovations & GLobal Impace Conference,” with “all the latest research on all aspects of detection, intervention and treatment,” will take place April 28-29 at the Els Center of Excellence, Jupiter, Fla. It was announced in a full page ad in the April 2, New York Times.

Golfer Ernie Els, twice U.S. Open champion, and his wife Liezl started supporting autism research in 2008 when it was discovered that their five-year-old son, Ben, was afflicted.

Autism Speaks, based at 1 E. 33rd st., New York, the principal non-profit in the autism area, with a $50 million+ budget, does not acknowledge a connection between radiation and autism. One in 66 children now has the condition, says the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

The science documenting negative health effects of smart meters and Wi –Fi is also emerging, said a statement by Cecelia Doucette, radiation health activist. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=%22Electromagnetic+Fields%2Fadverse+effects%22+smart+meters https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Electromagnetic+Fields%2Fadverse+effects+wi-fihttps://www.emfscientist.org/

“Many people are already experiencing radiation related symptoms in schools, homes, and workplaces,” she said. “Effects can include insomnia, headaches, fast heartbeat, dysautonomia, anxiety, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), tingling, nausea, skin rashes, cognitive impairment, depression, and behavioral issues. Non-industry funded scientists indicate children and fetuses are especially vulnerable.

Doucette quoted Dr. Nagy as saying, “We must apply the precautionary principle and protect the public from potential harm with safe practices. These practices should be based on new data as well as the health experiences of people worldwide who are using these technologies.”

Tobacco’s Negatives Ignored for Decades

As happened in the case of tobacco, EMFs (electromagnetic fields) are all too slowly being recognized as having negative health impacts, said Doucette. “The science on EMFs has existed for decades, and other countries have already established more protective radiation exposure limits. https://ehtrust.org/policy/international-policy-actions-on-wireless/ Many physicians in the United States are seeing patients every day with electrical intolerance induced by overexposure in their environment.”

The five Massachusetts bills were called the first steps in taking action and educating the public on responsible use of today’s technology:

S.1268 Resolve creating a special commission to examine the health impacts of electromagnetic fields will look at non-industry-funded science and recommend public protections. Sponsored by Senator Karen E. Spilka and referred to the Joint Committee on Public Health. Co-sponsored by Jack Lewis, James B. Eldridge, Kevin J. Kuros, and Bruce E. Tarr.

S.1864 An Act relative to utilities, smart meters, and ratepayers’ rights gives utility customers the no-fee choice of retaining non-wireless radiation-emitting water, gas and electrical meters and refusing installation of “smart” utility meters. Sponsored by Senator Michael O. Moore and referred to the Joint Committee on Telecommunications, Utilities and Energy. Co-sponsored by Diana DiZoglio, David Paul Linsky, Linda Dean Campbell, Kate Hogan, Jack Lewis, Marjorie C. Decker, Solomon Goldstein-Rose, and Jennifer L. Flanagan.

S.107 An Act relative to disclosure of radiofrequency notifications requires manufacturer warnings be prominently displayed on product packaging of wireless radiation-emitting devices. Sponsored by Senator Julian Cyr and referred to the Joint Committee on Consumer Protection and Professional Licensure. Co-sponsored by Timothy R. Whelan and Sarah K. Peake.
S.108 An Act relative to the safe use of handheld devices by children requires specific language be included on product packaging, as modeled by an ordinance unanimously passed in Berkeley, California. Sponsored by Senator Julian Cyr and referred to the Joint Committee on Consumer Protection and Professional Licensure. Co-sponsored by Timothy R. Whelan.
H.2030 An Act relative to best management practices for wireless in schools and public institutions of higher education requires the Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education to establish wireless technology standards to protect the health and safety of public school students and staff. Sponsored by Representative Carolyn C. Dykema and referred to the Joint Committee on Education. Co-sponsored by Jack Lewis, Michael O. Moore, and Angelo J. Puppolo.

Background links:

The U.S. National Toxicology Program released the first set of peer-reviewed findings from the $25M multi-year NIEHS study on the electromagnetic radiation emitted by cell phones. More findings are expected later this year. https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFpbnx1bmRlcnN0YW5kaW5nZW1mc3xneDo0ZjU2MDRlMDY3ZTI3OWU3

The findings of DNA damage, brain tumors and heart tumors align with similar findings in epidemiological studies, and thousands of other laboratory studies done on wireless radiation throughout the world showing biological effects. http://www.saferemr.com/2016/05/should-cellphones-have-warning-labels_23.html and http://www.bioinitiative.org/ The same type of electromagnetic radiation emitted by cell phones and tower antennas is used to operate all of today’s wireless devices and routers, and carries the same risks.

The following provide additional information for the bills as well as facts to clarify common misinformation about wireless technology:

Executive Summary https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFpbnx1bmRlcnN0YW5kaW5nZW1mc3xneDo3MmZhODQyZWYwMjA0NGM0
EMF Points of Confusion vs. Fact https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFpbnx1bmRlcnN0YW5kaW5nZW1mc3xneDo3ZmM1NWViNjQyNTc0NzNl

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