For Alexander

Alexander,13, has been living with glioblastoma since he was 11. His tumour is now inoperable and pressing against the optic nerve behind his left eye, leaving him clinically blind.

Despite facing challenges no child should ever endure, Alexander continues to think beyond himself — inspiring everyone around him with his courage and generosity.

Read more about his journey https://www.georgeherald.com/Community/Article/We-Care/cancer-fighting-teen-inspires-drive-to-help-others-202512031154

This past Christmas, Alexander chose to bless ten local children who are also undergoing cancer treatment by putting together and gifting them Christmas parcels. His selfless act is a powerful reminder of his strength, empathy, and remarkable character.

Important note: We are not suggesting that Alexander’s glioblastoma was caused by EMF exposure. Sharing his story is solely to support him and his family during this incredibly difficult time.

Follow Alexander’s journey on Facebook https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=61585318710819

For those who are able and willing to help, donation links are available on his page. Every contribution, no matter the size, is deeply appreciated

Planetary Health and Research Highlights

In the December 2025 Newsletter, we also include:

• Stefanopoulou M et al. (2025). Bioelectromagnetics, 46(8), e70038. https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.70038. PMID: 41416407; PMCID: PMC12715659.

• De Boose P, Ribas FO, Bell D, Bouga M, De Borre E, Fröhlich J, et al. (2025) Behaviour and reproduction of Drosophila melanogaster exposed to 3.6 GHz radio-frequency electromagnetic fields. PLoS One 20(12): e0336228. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0336228 

• ICNIRP’s 2026 environmental focus

• Solar energy waste challenges

Further reading CBT as a Sensitive Topic https://www.emfsa.co.za/ehs/cbt-as-a-sensitive-topic/

Read the complete EMFSA December 2025 Newsletter https://mailchi.mp/emfsa/emfsa-december-2025-newsletter

The post EMFSA December 2025 Newsletter – Monthly Update appeared first on EMFSA.

Challenges and Stigma in EHS

Examples include:

• Comparisons to “Better Call Saul”

• “It does not exist” / “It’s all in the head”

This article is not intended as a critique of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). Rather, it is grounded in the position that the aim of any therapy or intervention should be to support EHS/IEI-EMF individuals in integrating back into society as fully participating citizens.

It seeks to illustrate the frustrations experienced by some individuals with EHS and the associated mistrust of CBT in certain contexts.

For example, if an employer simply dismisses an employee’s concerns by stating that “EHS does not exist,” can the resulting increase in anxiety and frustration reasonably be attributed to the employee alone?

In such cases, the employer may be unaware of, or may choose to disregard, the obligation to provide reasonable accommodation for individuals affected by EHS.

“For some patients who are anxious owed to their daily EMF exposed, cognitive behavioral therapy has been beneficial (68). In practice it may be prudent for society to try and make amendments, within reason, where family, friends, colleagues or staff identify as suffering from EHS; regardless of whether the underlying mechanism is biophysical or psychological in nature.”

de Vocht F and Röösli M (2025) Electrohypersensitivity: what is belief and what is known? Front. Public Health. 13:1603692. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1603692

“Yet, whatever the cause, perceived sensitivity to EMF remains to disproportionally impact the lives of some individuals. In practice it may therefore be prudent for society to try and make amendments, within reason, where family, friends, colleagues or staff identify as suffering from EHS.”

Leszczynski D and de Vocht F (2025) Editorial: Individual sensitivity to wireless radiation. Front. Public Health 13:1744897. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1744897

“EHS is not real”

The claim that “EHS is not real” is inconsistent with the positions of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). These organizations do not deny the existence of EHS as a reported and potentially debilitating condition. Instead, they acknowledge that the symptoms are real, while noting that scientific evidence has not established electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure as the cause. As such, stating that “EHS is not real” misrepresents their position.

Author overlap in EHS studies

Electrohypersensitivity (EHS) represents a severely disabling condition. These authors view the symptoms as not caused by electromagnetic exposure (Pitron, Haanes, Hillert et al., 2023, Environmental Research). It is worth noting that (some of) the same researchers who link EHS to nocebo mechanisms have published a protocol to investigate whether CBT might help people with EHS-like symptoms (Pitron et al., 2025). However, this overlap may raise concerns for individuals who feel their experiences have been minimized in the past. For people who have faced stigma or dismissal, the connection between the explanation and the proposed treatment can create mistrust—not necessarily toward CBT itself, but toward the wider research context.

Beyond mechanisms

Ultimately, debates about mechanisms should not distract from the lived reality of those affected. Regardless of how EHS is explained, some individuals experience real limitations that shape their daily lives, work, and relationships. Recognising this does not require agreement on causation, only a willingness to listen, accommodate where possible, and avoid unnecessary dismissal. For many, that stated willingness may matter as much as any specific intervention.

More on the topic: Access to Information in a Democracy https://www.emfsa.co.za/news/access-to-information-in-a-democracy/

References:

ICNIRP Chair, Rodney Croft: Electrohypersensitivity https://www.emfsa.co.za/ehs/icnirps-chair-rodney-croft-electrohypersensitivity/

WHO Electrohypersensitivity Backgrounder December 2005 https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/radiation-and-health/non-ionizing/hypersensitivity

Electromagnetic hypersensitivity : proceedings International Workshop on Electromagnetic Field Hypersensitivity, Prague, Czech Republic, October 25-27, 2004 13 May 2006 Report https://wkc.who.int/resources/publications/i/item/9789241594127

Frequently Asked Questions related to the ICNIRP RF EMF Guidelines 2020 https://www.icnirp.org/en/rf-faq/index.html

de Vocht F and Röösli M (2025) Electrohypersensitivity: what is belief and what is known? Front. Public Health. 13:1603692. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1603692 https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1603692/full

Editorial: Individual sensitivity to wireless radiation https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1744897/full

Editorial: Individual sensitivity to wireless radiation: Important summary quote https://betweenrockandhardplace.wordpress.com/2025/12/05/ehs-editorial-by-leszczynski-and-de-vocht/

Victor Pitron, Jan Vilis Haanes, Lena Hillert, Ferenc Gàbor Köteles, Damien Léger, Cédric Lemogne, Steven Nordin, Renáta Szemerszky, Irene van Kamp, Christoph van Thriel, Michael Witthöft, Omer Van den Bergh, Electrohypersensitivity is always real, Environmental Research, Volume 218, 2023, 114840, ISSN 0013-9351, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.114840.
(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935122021673)

Pitron, V., Petzke, T., Zablith, I. et al. Efficacy of cognitive and behavioral therapy (CBT) treatment for individuals living with symptoms associated with environmental factors (SAEF): protocol for a randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychol 13, 1296 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-03564-5 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40359-025-03564-5

*Photo by Marcel Strauß on Unsplash

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Michael Bevington

Abstract
Some surveys have identified people who have restricted access to work in environments with man-made electromagnetic exposures. This study attempts to determine their prevalence, an aspect not previously investigated in its own right. It is based on analyses of the two different types of surveys of people with Idiopathic Environmental Intolerance attributed to Electromagnetic Fields (IEI-EMF), or Electromagnetic Hyper-Sensitivity (EHS), either of the general population or of people with IEI-EMF/EHS. In addition, there are different definitions of IEI-EMF/EHS, with a range of subconscious, mild, moderate or severe symptoms, potentially leading in three stages to hyper-sensitivity. The current evidence is assessed as indicating that, in addition to subconscious sensitivity, the prevalence of IEI-EMF/EHS is between about 5.0 and 30 per cent of the general population for mild cases, 1.5 and 5.0 per cent for moderate cases and < 1.5 per cent for severe cases. The prevalence of people restricted in their access to work in a man-made electromagnetic environment is estimated at 0.65 per cent of the general population, at about 18% of the general population with moderate IEI-EMF/EHS. The estimate of 0.65% equates to 435,500 people in the UK’s population of 67 million. Some reasons for possible under-reporting are discussed. Adjustments can enable some people with this disability to remain in employment, suggesting that rates of restriction in access to work may fall as employers become aware of what adjustments are needed.

Pdf: -16093-The- Prevalence- of- People- With- Restricted -Access- to- Work

The post The Prevalence of People With Restricted Access to Work in Man-Made Electromagnetic Environments appeared first on EMFSA.

The post Individual variation in temporal relationships between exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields and non-specific physical symptoms: A new approach in studying ‘electrosensitivity’. appeared first on EMFSA.

The post Could myelin damage from radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure help explain the functional impairment electrohypersensitivity? A review of the evidence. appeared first on EMFSA.

BRIEF REPORT on the EHS provocation studies

The BRIEF Report on EHS provocation studies is based on the recently published Open Letter, with some small modifications. The Report is supplemented with the TABLE of 77 EHS provocation studies.

Open Letter on the Electromagnetic Hyper-Sensitivity Research

The post Brief Report on the EHS Provocation Studies appeared first on EMFSA.

Open Letter on the Electromagnetic Hyper-Sensitivity Research

Dariusz Leszczynski, PhD, DSc

Adjunct Professor of Biochemistry, University of Helsinki, Finland

Chief Editor of ‘Radiation and Health’ specialty, Frontiers in Public Health, Lausanne, Switzerland

Leszczynski, PhD, DSc

Adjunct Professor of Biochemistry, University of Helsinki, Finland

Chief Editor of ‘Radiation and Health’ specialty, Frontiers in Public Health, Lausanne, Switzerland

To the attention of:

• The World Health Organization: Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus; info@who.int; @DrTedros; @DrTedros.Official
• The WHO EMF Project: Head Emilie T. van Deventer vandeventere@who.int
• The International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP):Chair Eric van Röngen; vanrongen@icnirp.org
• The European Commission Directorate for Research and Innovation:Commissioner Carlos Moedas; cab-moedas-contact@ec.europa.eu
• The Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA): CEO Lars-Magnus Larsson; info@arpansa.gov.au
• The National Health and Medical Council (NHMRC): CEO Anne Kelso; nhmrc@nhmrc.gov.au

Open Letter is available in pdf format from this link:

Open Letter on the EHS Research 

Research funding and reviewing agencies should re-consider their stance on the importance of the research on EHS/IEI-EMF. Research should continue but the approach should change. The dominant study protocol till now, provocation studies, need to be replaced with studies examining molecular level physiology changes. Continuation of the research using provocation studies will not provide reliable scientific answers concerning EHS/IEI-EMF. Continuation of research using provocation studies approach is simply a waste of time and scarce resources.

*****

Part of the population considers themselves as sensitive to radiation emitted by the wireless communication devices and networks. Different studies have indicated that ca. 0.5 – 11% of the population might be experiencing sensitivity symptoms. This ailment, called either electromagnetic hyper-sensitivity (EHS) or idiopathic environmental intolerance attributed to electromagnetic fields (IEI-EMF), is currently not considered by the World Health Organization as being caused by the exposures to electromagnetic fields (EMF). While the symptoms experienced by some persons are acknowledged as health impairment, the cause of these symptoms is considered to be unknown.

Numerous experimental provocation studies (over 70) were executed to determine whether EMF exposure causes EHS. In provocation studies, volunteers are exposed to radiation emitted by the wireless communication devices, in controlled conditions, and asked whether they get health symptoms and whether they recognize when the radiation is on/off. Answers provided by the study subjects are subjective and not objective experimental data. Collectively, the provocation studies have indicated a lack of causality between the EHS symptoms and exposures to EMF.

As I argue below, all of the to-date executed EHS provocation studies provide unreliable results because of several drawbacks in the design and execution of the experiments.

Using, as it is done now, of such ‘subjective’ and scientifically unreliable data to support health policy decisions concerning the EHS/IEI-EMF is a mistake.

Any attempts at improving the methodology of the provocation studies will not lead to the generation of ‘objective’ and reliable scientific data. The data will remain to be ‘subjective’ and scientifically unreliable.

Currently, Australia leads the EHS research

A research group at the Wollongong University in Australia, part of the Australian Centre for Electromagnetic Bioeffects Research (ACEBR) funded by the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), is currently playing a leading role in the research on EHS. The research on EHS, executed by the Wollongong group, follows the suggestions provided by the Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA).

In June 2017, ARPANSA published Technical Report 178: Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Energy and Health: Research Needs.

In the Report, specified as ‘special area of research’, was listed research on EHS/IEI-EMF. The authors of the Report consider research on EHS as follows:

• it is not clear that there is sufficient evidence to justify further research in this area
• consistency of well conducted provocation studies further research using this approach is not a high priority
• improving the methodology in provocation studies may justify further research as a low to medium priority

This means that the ARPANSA considers EHS research as of low importance and questions the need for further research altogether. This is a mistake.

The Question: is EHS caused by EMF?

The answer to the question whether EMF might cause EHS is – yes.

There is no scientific reason why the EMF could not cause EHS in some part of the human population. There is a well-known, and scientifically well-established, phenomenon of the individual sensitivity (Foray et al. 2012). Individual sensitivity means that, because of the genetic and the epigenetic differences between people, different persons have different sensitivity to the same exposing factor (radiation or chemicals).

The phenomenon of the individual sensitivity to radiation is well known for ionizing radiation (Bourguignon et al. 2005a, 2005b), for non-ionizing ultraviolet radiation (Rees 2004, Kelly et al. 2000) and for ultrasound (Barnett et al. 1997).

Therefore, it is scientifically justified to suspect (assume) that the individual sensitivity exists also for the EMF exposures. However, the essential, but still unanswered questions are:

• what are the levels of EMF that are tolerated without any adverse health effects by the majority of the population and,
• what are the physiological pre-conditions for the higher sensitivity to EMF.

In the ARPANSA Report, the so-called ‘well conducted provocation studies’ have major methodological drawbacks that invalidate their scientific conclusions.

Drawback #1. False claim concerning experimental volunteer group

The scientists executing provocation studies claim to be examining a causality link between EHS and EMF in volunteers suffering from the EHS. However, the scientists do not know how many, if any at all, actual EHS persons are present in the experimental group of the volunteers.

In all provocation studies the experimental group has been assembled from the persons that responded to a recruitment announcement by the scientists. Because there is not existing any objective method to diagnose the EHS, the scientists rely completely on the volunteers’ self-diagnosis.

Correctness of the self-diagnosis is very uncertain because the symptoms of the EHS are very non-specific and similar to symptoms experienced in e.g. allergy or emotional stress. The self-diagnosis, made by the EHS person, might be in error. The self-diagnosed EHS volunteer might assume that the symptoms are caused by the EMF exposure when, in reality, these symptoms might be caused by other, non-EMF factor(s) present in the environment.

This means that the group of the volunteer EHS persons might be contaminated, to an unknown degree, by erroneously self-diagnosed EHS persons. In fact, in extreme case, it might be that none of the EHS volunteers has a correct self-diagnosis of the EHS. Because the volunteer groups in the provocation studies are small, or extremely small, as in the recent study from the Wollongong group (n=3!)(Verrender et al. 2017), the potential impact of the ‘contamination’ by the falsely self-diagnosed EHS will have significant impact on the study outcome.

Drawback #2. Bias introduced by exclusion of persons with prior health problems

In the selection of the volunteers for the EHS provocation studies process, performed by the scientists, persons with the pre-existing health problems are excluded. This might be a bias-introducing factor. The scientists do not know whether any pre-existing health impairment(s) might pre-dispose a person to become the EHS sufferer. Therefore, exclusion of persons based on pre-existing health condition(s) is incorrect at this discovery stage. Persons with pre-existing health problems that claim to be self-diagnosed EHS sufferers should be included in the study but might be analyzed as a separate sub-group.

Drawback #3. Bias introduced by fear and by reputation of the research group

An additional bias might be introduced, seemingly independently of the scientists, when the volunteers who expressed interest in participation in the study, withdraw or are not responding to scientists’ inquiries. E.g. in the case of Verrender and co-workers’ study (Verrender et al. 2017) the number of volunteers who withdrew from the study was very high – 16 persons out of the initially agreed 25. The withdrawals might be caused by fear of the health effects caused by the voluntary radiation exposure in the experiments. However, there might be also a scientists’ reputation-dependent withdrawal. This aspect has not been mentioned or examined in any of the provocation studies. When the initially agreeable volunteers become aware of the publication record of the scientists and their publicly expressed opinions about the EHS, it might cause withdrawal of some of the volunteers, who might ‘distrust the scientists’.

Drawback #4. Unproven methodology of the provocation studies – lack of positive controls

Another problem with the EHS provocation studies is the experimental set-up and methodology. None of the experimental exposure set-ups and methods to analyze volunteers’ responses to exposures have been proven to be sufficient and adequate to detect a causal link between the EMF exposures and EHS. Assuming that the EHS phenomenon exists, as presented above, the scientists have had no positive controls in their experiments to show that their experimental approach works correctly. It is unclear whether the methods, assumed to be adequate for detecting EHS, have indeed had the capability to do so. Furthermore, the design of all provocation studies has been set to detect only an acute EHS, hence being unsuitable to detect delayed or chronic EHS outbreaks.

Drawback #5. Placebo & nocebo effects

It is likely that the conclusions of EHS provocation studies are invalidated by the placebo and nocebo effects. Placebo and nocebo show the ability of the human mind and beliefs to alter the physiology of the human body (Benedetti et al, 2011, Tinnermann et al. 2017). All persons volunteering in the EHS provocation studies certainly have an opinion about the possible effects of EMF on human health, no matter what this opinion is. The responses given by the self-diagnosed EHS, given in the course of the experiments, have certainly been influenced by the volunteers’ pre-existing opinions about the EHS and by the emotional stress caused by the participation in an experiment. Furthermore, the experiment-associated emotional stress will not be eliminated by performing experiments at the home of the volunteer instead of the laboratory.

Thus, data collected in the EHS provocation studies is not reliable and objective but it is unreliable and subjective, because it is based on subjective feelings and beliefs. Claiming that such subjective, beliefs-contaminated, data is scientifically reliable is incorrect.

The above-listed methodological drawbacks clearly indicate that the data obtained in all to-date executed EHS provocation studies is unreliable and insufficient, neither to prove nor to disprove, the existence of causal link between the EHS and EMF.

What next with the EHS research?

The provocation approach needs to be replaced. It is a high time to stop research efforts focused on provocation tests, being of low sensitivity and producing subjective data, and move on to the physiology-based research. Physiological studies, examining the molecular level responses of human tissues and organs to EMF exposures, will provide the evidence of individual sensitivity and basis for further research (Leszczynski 2014).

Research on sensitivity to EMF needs re-focusing

Finally, the discussion about human sensitivity to the EMF has been severely skewed not only by the demands and attitudes of the self-diagnosed EHS persons but also by the attitudes of the scientists who “blindly” followed in their footsteps and conducted, nearly solely, provocation studies, instead of considering other scientific approaches.

The research and the debate should shift from the issue of the validity of the self-diagnosis of the EHS to the more general problem of whether the current EMF exposure limits are sufficiently protective for all users, no matter their age or health status. Are some persons more sensitive to EMF exposures?

Efforts should be focused on finding, through physiological means,  whether different subsets of human population have different sensitivity to the EMF and whether differences in the sensitivity to EMF will translate, in due time, into health risks or whether human bodies will adapt and become resilient. This can be achieved by using modern methods of proteomics, transcriptomics and other ‘omics’ technologies to find proteins, genes and metabolites that are affected by the EMF exposures. This detailed molecular level response information should be then used to formulate the knowledge-based hypotheses concerning possible effects of EMF exposures on human health.

References

• Barnett SB, Rott HD, ter Haar GR, Ziskin MC, Maeda K. 1997. The sensitivity of biological tissue to ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol 23:805-812.
• Benedetti F, Carlino E, Pollo A. 2011. How Placebos Change the Patient’s Brain. Neuropsychopharmacology 36:339-354.
• Bourguignon MH, Gisone PA, Perez MR, Michelin S, Dubner D, Di Giorgio M, Carosella ED. 2005a. Genetic and epigenetic features in radiation sensitivity. Part I: Cell signalling in radiation response. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 32:229-246.
• Bourguignon MH, Gisone PA, Perez MR, Michelin S, Dubner D, Di Giorgio M, Carosella ED. 2005b. Genetic and epigenetic features in radiation sensitivity. Part II: implications for clinical practice and radiation protection. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 32:351-368.
• Foray N, Colin C, Bourguignon M. 2012. 100 Years of Individual Radiosensitivity: How We Have Forgotten the Evidence. Radiology 264:627-631.
• Kelly DA, Young AR, McGregor JM, Seed PT, Potten CS, Walker SL. Sensitivity to Sunburn Is Associated with Susceptibility to Ultraviolet Radiation–induced Suppression of Cutaneous Cell–mediated Immunity. J Exp Med 191:561-566.
• Leszczynski D. 2014. The Grand Challenge: Use of a New Approach in Developing Policies in the Area of Radiation and Health. Front Public Health 2:50.
• Rees JL. 2004. The Genetics of Sun Sensitivity in Humans. Am J Hum Genet 75:739-751.
• Tinnermann A, Geuter S, Sprenger C, Finsterbusch J, Büchel C. 2017. Interactions between brain and spinal cord mediate value effects in nocebo hyperalgesia. Science 358:105-108.
• Verrender A, Loughran SP, Anderson V, Hillert L, Rubin GJ, Oftedal G, Croft RJ. 2017. IEI-EMF provocation case studies: A novel approach to testing sensitive individuals. Bioelectromagnetics DOI: 10.1002/bem.22095.

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https://ehjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12940-018-0351-8 

The conclusions of the study:

We found the prevalence rate of IEI-EMF has been declining, instead of increasing as predicted previously. Women are more likely to report having IEI-EMF than men. Further studies to explore the causes leading to the declines may help the public, scientific community, and government deal with idiopathic intolerance to other environmental exposures.

Comments by James C. Lech

1. The results are skewed and open to weakness based on the methodology and limited scope.
2. The way the questions are explained are different to historical questions.
3. Questionnaires can also be problematic because they are subject to bias. In addition there are no dosimetery or biomarker tests conducted to correlate the data in the study. Studies that include all three demonstrate better results.
4. The rate of decline is also subject to social currency parameters. Wireless devices are now needed for people’s consumerism requirements. Gaming consoles, banking, social networks, etc. If you provide information that jeopordises their way of life, the first social instinct is to deny it as they are not aware of any other form. This is why there are psychiatric DSM studies that look at the addiction element.
5. The words  ‘sensitivity or allergy’ are used, which many people may confuse with the word allergy. Also in Chinese culture most studies trying to map any form of disability are compromised by the cultural factor that the society does not accept and shun’s disabled persons. Therefore, again, the study requires biomarker tests.
6. The results collected are technically correct, but these results are flawed because of the flawed details of the methodology.

Weaknesses and misleading results of the study are as follows:

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