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	<title>Hearing Archives - EMFSA</title>
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	<title>Hearing Archives - EMFSA</title>
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		<title>EMFSA January 2024 Newsletter</title>
		<link>https://www.emfsa.co.za/news/emfsa-january-2024-newsletter/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Editor]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 01 Feb 2024 11:46:50 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[News]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Adolescents]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[EHS]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[EMFIS]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Hearing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[January 2024 newsletter]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Light Environment]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Tinnitus]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.emfsa.co.za/?p=28153</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Link to our Jan 2024 Newsletter https://mailchi.mp/emfsa/tinnitus-hearing-loss-gaming-disruptive-light Excerpt: Noise induced hearing loss: unlike bird and amphibian hair cells, human hair cells don’t grow back. They are gone for good. Ref. https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/noise-induced-hearing-loss</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://www.emfsa.co.za/news/emfsa-january-2024-newsletter/">EMFSA January 2024 Newsletter</a> appeared first on <a href="https://www.emfsa.co.za">EMFSA</a>.</p>
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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Link to our Jan 2024 Newsletter <a href="https://mailchi.mp/emfsa/tinnitus-hearing-loss-gaming-disruptive-light">https://mailchi.mp/emfsa/tinnitus-hearing-loss-gaming-disruptive-light</a></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Excerpt: </p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Noise induced hearing loss: unlike bird and amphibian hair cells,<strong> human hair cells don’t grow back. They are gone for good.</strong> Ref. <a href="https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/noise-induced-hearing-loss">https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/noise-induced-hearing-loss</a></p>



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter size-large is-resized"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" src="https://www.emfsa.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/fredrick-tendong-HVYepJYeHdQ-unsplash-1024x683.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-28154" width="406" height="271" srcset="https://www.emfsa.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/fredrick-tendong-HVYepJYeHdQ-unsplash-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https://www.emfsa.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/fredrick-tendong-HVYepJYeHdQ-unsplash-300x200.jpg 300w, https://www.emfsa.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/fredrick-tendong-HVYepJYeHdQ-unsplash-768x512.jpg 768w, https://www.emfsa.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/fredrick-tendong-HVYepJYeHdQ-unsplash-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://www.emfsa.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/fredrick-tendong-HVYepJYeHdQ-unsplash-2048x1365.jpg 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 406px) 100vw, 406px" /><figcaption>Photo by Franco Antonio Giovanella on Unsplash</figcaption></figure></div>



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter size-full"><img decoding="async" width="490" height="164" src="https://www.emfsa.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/EMFSA-image-for-zoom.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-26547" srcset="https://www.emfsa.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/EMFSA-image-for-zoom.jpg 490w, https://www.emfsa.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/EMFSA-image-for-zoom-300x100.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 490px) 100vw, 490px" /></figure></div>
<p>The post <a href="https://www.emfsa.co.za/news/emfsa-january-2024-newsletter/">EMFSA January 2024 Newsletter</a> appeared first on <a href="https://www.emfsa.co.za">EMFSA</a>.</p>
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		<title>Electromagnetic Energy Absorption in a Head Approaching a Radiofrequency Identification (RFID) Reader Operating at 13.56 MHz in Users of Hearing Implants Versus Non-Users.</title>
		<link>https://www.emfsa.co.za/research-and-studies/electromagnetic-energy-absorption-in-a-head-approaching-a-radiofrequency-identification-rfid-reader-operating-at-13-56-mhz-in-users-of-hearing-implants-versus-non-users/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Editor]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 24 Nov 2019 12:31:37 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Research and Studies]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Auditory]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[EMF]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Hearing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Hearing Implant]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[RFID]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[RFID Reader]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.emfsa.co.za/?p=11350</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Sensors (Basel). 2019 Aug 28;19(17). pii: E3724. doi: 10.3390/s19173724. Abstract The aim of this study was to model the absorption in the head of an electromagnetic field (EMF) emitted by a radiofrequency identification reader operating at a frequency of 13.56 MHz (recognized as an RFID HF reader), with respect to the direct biophysical effects evaluated by [&#8230;]</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://www.emfsa.co.za/research-and-studies/electromagnetic-energy-absorption-in-a-head-approaching-a-radiofrequency-identification-rfid-reader-operating-at-13-56-mhz-in-users-of-hearing-implants-versus-non-users/">Electromagnetic Energy Absorption in a Head Approaching a Radiofrequency Identification (RFID) Reader Operating at 13.56 MHz in Users of Hearing Implants Versus Non-Users.</a> appeared first on <a href="https://www.emfsa.co.za">EMFSA</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span role="menubar">Sensors (Basel).</span> 2019 Aug 28;19(17). pii: E3724. doi: 10.3390/s19173724.</p>
<p>Abstract</p>
<p>The aim of this study was to model the absorption in the head of an electromagnetic field (EMF) emitted by a radiofrequency identification reader operating at a frequency of 13.56 MHz (recognized as an RFID HF reader), with respect to the direct biophysical effects evaluated by the specific absorption rate (SAR), averaged over the entire head or locally, over any 10 g of tissues. The exposure effects were compared between the head of a user of a hearing implant with an acoustic sensor and a person without such an implant, used as a referenced case. The RFID HF reader, such as is used in shops or libraries, was modeled as a loop antenna (35 × 35 cm). SAR was calculated in a multi-layer ellipsoidal model of the head-with or without models of hearing implants of two types: Bonebridge (MED-EL, Austria) or bone anchored hearing aid attract (BAHA) (Cochlear, Sweden). Relative SAR values were calculated as the ratio between the SAR in the head of the implant user and the non-user. It was found that the use of BAHA hearing implants increased the effects of 13.56 MHz EMF exposure in the head in comparison to non-user-up to 2.1 times higher localized SAR in the worst case exposure scenario, and it is statistically significant higher than when Bonebridge implants are used (Kruscal-Wallis test with Bonferroni correction, p &lt; 0.017). The evaluation of EMF exposure from an RFID reader with respect to limits established for the implant non-user population may be insufficient to protect an implant user when exposure approaches these limits, but the significant difference between exposure effects in users of various types of implants need to be considered.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31466315">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31466315</a></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://www.emfsa.co.za/research-and-studies/electromagnetic-energy-absorption-in-a-head-approaching-a-radiofrequency-identification-rfid-reader-operating-at-13-56-mhz-in-users-of-hearing-implants-versus-non-users/">Electromagnetic Energy Absorption in a Head Approaching a Radiofrequency Identification (RFID) Reader Operating at 13.56 MHz in Users of Hearing Implants Versus Non-Users.</a> appeared first on <a href="https://www.emfsa.co.za">EMFSA</a>.</p>
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		<title>Absorption of wireless radiation in the child versus adult brain and eye from cell phone conversation or virtual reality</title>
		<link>https://www.emfsa.co.za/research-and-studies/absorption-wireless-radiation-child-versus-adult-brain-eye-cell-phone-conversation-virtual-reality/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Editor]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 08 Jun 2018 09:51:55 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Research and Studies]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Brain]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Cell phones]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Children]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Eyes]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Hearing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Phonegate]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[RF-EMF]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[SAR]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[VR Devices]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.emfsa.co.za/?p=5095</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>&#160; https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935118302561 Highlights More cell phone radiation is absorbed by children&#8217;s inner brain tissues than adults’. -Children&#8217;s radiofrequency radiation exposure should be reduced. -Further research to evaluate the risks to the eye from use of VR is urgently needed. -It is biologically relevant and feasible to reduce the standards’ averaging volume. -Current methods to determine [&#8230;]</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://www.emfsa.co.za/research-and-studies/absorption-wireless-radiation-child-versus-adult-brain-eye-cell-phone-conversation-virtual-reality/">Absorption of wireless radiation in the child versus adult brain and eye from cell phone conversation or virtual reality</a> appeared first on <a href="https://www.emfsa.co.za">EMFSA</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935118302561">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935118302561</a></p>
<h5 id="author-highlightsab00151" class="secHeading">Highlights</h5>
<h5 class="secHeading">More cell phone radiation is absorbed by children&#8217;s inner brain tissues than adults’.</h5>
<dl id="list_li0005" class="listitem">
<dt class="label">-Children&#8217;s radiofrequency radiation exposure should be reduced.</dt>
<dt class="label">-Further research to evaluate the risks to the eye from use of VR is urgently needed.</dt>
<dt class="label">-It is biologically relevant and feasible to reduce the standards’ averaging volume.</dt>
<dt class="label">-Current methods to determine wireless device compliance should be revised.</dt>
<dt>
<div class="abstract svAbstract " data-etype="ab">
<h5 id="authorab00101" class="secHeading">Abstract</h5>
<p id="sp0025">Children&#8217;s brains are more susceptible to hazardous exposures, and are thought to absorb higher doses of radiation from cell phones in some regions of the brain. Globally the numbers and applications of wireless devices are increasing rapidly, but since 1997 safety testing has relied on a large, homogenous, adult male head phantom to simulate exposures; the “Standard Anthropomorphic Mannequin” (SAM) is used to estimate only whether tissue temperature will be increased by more than 1 Celsius degree in the periphery. The present work employs anatomically based modeling currently used to set standards for surgical and medical devices, that incorporates heterogeneous characteristics of age and anatomy. Modeling of a cell phone held to the ear, or of virtual reality devices in front of the eyes, reveals that young eyes and brains absorb substantially higher local radiation doses than adults’. Age-specific simulations indicate the need to apply refined methods for regulatory compliance testing; and for public education regarding manufacturers&#8217; advice to keep phones off the body, and prudent use to limit exposures, particularly to protect the young.</p>
<p>More about the study (credit to Environmental Health Trust)</p>
<p><strong><i>Experts warn that injuries to vision, hearing and brain could prove irreversible</i></strong></p>
<p>June 5, 2018</p>
<p>(Washington DC) In an innovative <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935118302561">study</a> published today in <i>Environmental Research,</i> researchers simulated microwave radiation from Virtual Reality(VR) with a video-streaming cell phone in a cardboard box placed in front of the eyes. Specific areas of the eyes and critical parts of the brain absorbed between 2 to 5 times more cell phone radiation in the youngest child model compared to the adult model. Children’s health specialists are concerned that higher exposures to unprecedented levels of microwave radiation pose risks of permanent damage to vision, hearing and brain development, and cancer.</p>
<p>This <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935118302561">publication</a> is the first to extend FDA computer-based anatomical modeling used for surgical devices to examine absorption of microwave radiation from cell phones held in virtual reality.</p>
<p><em>“<strong>Children’s vision, brain and hearing could be permanently impaired by this untested radiation,” stated Devra Davis Ph.D., MPH, a study co-author, and President of Environmental Health Trust (EHT). “This study shows children’s eyes absorb significant amounts of radiation. Children are more vulnerable because their eyes are still developing.  Early life insults could mean earlier vision decline. In addition, the eyes contain few blood vessels, so they have no way to cool off</strong>.”</em></p>
<p><em>&#8220;<strong>The long-term ramifications of such exposures need to be addressed</strong></em>,”  stated co-author Robert Morris M.D., Ph.D., EHT Senior Medical Advisor.</p>
<p>“<em><strong>Two-way microwave radiation transceivers, in the form of Smartphones, should not be used directly in front of children’s eyes and brains</strong>,</em>” cautions University of Utah <a href="https://faculty.utah.edu/u0029832-Om_P._Gandhi/hm/index.hml">Prof. Om Gandhi,</a> an electrical engineer who is one of the original developers of cell phone testing protocols.</p>
<p>Another study author, Meg Sears, associate at the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute in Canada, and Chair of Prevent Cancer Now, stated: <em>“<strong>Children should be protected from microwave radiation. For any wireless device, using airplane mode after an adult downloads the program will greatly reduce microwave radiation.</strong>”</em>  She added, “<strong><em>The same radiation powering communications is used in chemical industries and products to accelerate reactions. This is efficient in commercial biochemistry, but can spell trouble during sensitive brain development</em></strong>.”</p>
<p>Dr Davis refers to the recent Phonegate scandal -she stated that even more recalls are expected as the European Union has updated their cell phone testing protocols after the government of France <a href="https://ehtrust.org/cell-phone-radiation-scandal-french-government-data-indicates-cell-phones-exposeconsumers-radiation-levels-higher-manufacturers-claim/">released</a> hundreds of cell phone radiation tests that <a href="https://ehtrust.org/cell-phone-radiation-scandal-french-government-data-indicates-cell-phones-exposeconsumers-radiation-levels-higher-manufacturers-claim/">measured</a> excessive radiation exposures when the phone was tested in contact with the body. The release of the test data folowed pressure from the <a href="https://www.phonegatealert.org/">Phonegate Alert Association</a>.</p>
<p>“<strong><em>Studies of the developing brain have led the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and Prevention and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to issue guidelines to keep toxic exposures to lead and other agents as low as feasible during childhood&#8221;</em></strong>, commented Dr. Davis, a former Senior Advisor to the CDC Lead Poisoning Advisory Committee and the National Institutes of Health (NIH).  “<em><strong>We require special seatbelts and carseats as well as bike helmets for the young, recognizing that they merit greater protection. It makes no sense to assume that they can safely be exposed to levels of radiation that have never been evaluated for their long-term impacts on growth and development, especially in light of growing evidence that such radiation can damage plants, migrating insects, and other animals, and increase the risk of cancer</strong>,</em>” she noted.</p>
<blockquote class="wp-embedded-content" data-secret="Wp3TQjuvdb"><p><a href="https://ehtrust.org/new-publication-children-absorb-2-5-times-higher-doses-of-microwave-radiation-than-adults-from-virtual-reality-systems/">New Publication: Children Absorb 2-5 Times Higher Doses of Microwave Radiation than Adults, From Virtual Reality Systems</a></p></blockquote>
<p><iframe class="wp-embedded-content" sandbox="allow-scripts" security="restricted"  src="https://ehtrust.org/new-publication-children-absorb-2-5-times-higher-doses-of-microwave-radiation-than-adults-from-virtual-reality-systems/embed/#?secret=Wp3TQjuvdb" data-secret="Wp3TQjuvdb" width="600" height="338" title="&#8220;New Publication: Children Absorb 2-5 Times Higher Doses of Microwave Radiation than Adults, From Virtual Reality Systems&#8221; &#8212; Environmental Health Trust" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no"></iframe></p>
<p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="aligncenter wp-image-5097 size-full" src="https://www.emfsa.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/cell-phone-radiation-image-Fernandez-2018.jpg" alt="" width="720" height="405" srcset="https://www.emfsa.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/cell-phone-radiation-image-Fernandez-2018.jpg 720w, https://www.emfsa.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/cell-phone-radiation-image-Fernandez-2018-300x169.jpg 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px" /></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
</div>
</dt>
</dl>
<p>The post <a href="https://www.emfsa.co.za/research-and-studies/absorption-wireless-radiation-child-versus-adult-brain-eye-cell-phone-conversation-virtual-reality/">Absorption of wireless radiation in the child versus adult brain and eye from cell phone conversation or virtual reality</a> appeared first on <a href="https://www.emfsa.co.za">EMFSA</a>.</p>
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		<title>Exposure to non-ionizing electromagnetic fields emitted from mobile phones induced DNA damage in human ear canal hair follicle cells</title>
		<link>https://www.emfsa.co.za/research-and-studies/exposure-non-ionizing-electromagnetic-fields-emitted-mobile-phones-induced-dna-damage-human-ear-canal-hair-follicle-cells/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Editor]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 19 Apr 2018 20:27:02 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Research and Studies]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Auditory]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Cell Phone]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[DNA Damage]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ear]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Hearing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Mobile phone]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[RFR]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Wireless Phones]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.emfsa.co.za/?p=4705</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Akdag M, Dasdag S, Canturk F, Akdag MZ. Exposure to non-ionizing electromagnetic fields emitted from mobile phones induced DNA damage in human ear canal hair follicle cells. Electromagn Biol Med. 2018;37(2):66-75. doi: 10.1080/15368378.2018.1463246. Epub 2018 Apr 18. PMID: 29667447. Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate effect of radiofrequency radiation (RFR) emitted from [&#8230;]</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://www.emfsa.co.za/research-and-studies/exposure-non-ionizing-electromagnetic-fields-emitted-mobile-phones-induced-dna-damage-human-ear-canal-hair-follicle-cells/">Exposure to non-ionizing electromagnetic fields emitted from mobile phones induced DNA damage in human ear canal hair follicle cells</a> appeared first on <a href="https://www.emfsa.co.za">EMFSA</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Akdag M, Dasdag S, Canturk F, Akdag MZ. Exposure to non-ionizing electromagnetic fields emitted from mobile phones induced DNA damage in human ear canal hair follicle cells. Electromagn Biol Med. 2018;37(2):66-75. doi: 10.1080/15368378.2018.1463246. Epub 2018 Apr 18. PMID: 29667447.</p>
<p>Abstract:</p>
<p>The aim of this study was to investigate effect of radiofrequency radiation (RFR) emitted from mobile phones on DNA damage in follicle cells of hair in the ear canal. The study was carried out on 56 men (age range: 30–60 years old)in four treatment groups with <i>n</i> = 14 in each group. The groups were defined as follows: people who did not use a mobile phone (Control), people use mobile phones for 0–30 min/day (second group), people use mobile phones for 30–60 min/day (third group) and people use mobile phones for more than 60 min/day (fourth group). Ear canal hair follicle cells taken from the subjects were analyzed by the Comet Assay to determine DNA damages. The Comet Assay parameters measured were head length, tail length, comet length, percentage of head DNA, tail DNA percentage, tail moment, and Olive tail moment. Results of the study showed that DNA damage indicators were higher in the RFR exposure groups than in the control subjects. In addition, DNA damage increased with the daily duration of exposure. In conclusion, RFR emitted from mobile phones has a potential to produce DNA damage in follicle cells of hair in the ear canal. Therefore, mobile phone users have to pay more attention when using wireless phones.</p>
<p><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29667447/">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29667447/</a></p>
<p>The post <a href="https://www.emfsa.co.za/research-and-studies/exposure-non-ionizing-electromagnetic-fields-emitted-mobile-phones-induced-dna-damage-human-ear-canal-hair-follicle-cells/">Exposure to non-ionizing electromagnetic fields emitted from mobile phones induced DNA damage in human ear canal hair follicle cells</a> appeared first on <a href="https://www.emfsa.co.za">EMFSA</a>.</p>
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		<title>Does all-day and long-term exposure to radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi affect hearing?</title>
		<link>https://www.emfsa.co.za/research-and-studies/day-long-term-exposure-radiofrequency-radiation-emitted-wi-fi-affect-hearing/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Editor]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 15 Dec 2017 07:07:34 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Research and Studies]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Auditory]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Biological Effects]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Children]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Hearing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Pupils]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Research]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Schools]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Students]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Wi-Fi]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Wireless]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.emfsa.co.za/?p=3756</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Does all-day and long-term exposure to radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi affect hearing? Ediz Yorgancilar, Suleyman Dasdag, Mehmet Zülküf Akdag, Zeki Akkus, Mehmet Akdag &#38; Ismail Topcu Pages 1204-1209 &#124; Received 04 Jun 2017, Accepted 25 Aug 2017, Published online: 06 Sep 2017 https://doi.org/10.1080/13102818.2017.1373033 ABSTRACT We investigated the long-term effects of radiofrequency radiation (RFR) emitted [&#8230;]</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://www.emfsa.co.za/research-and-studies/day-long-term-exposure-radiofrequency-radiation-emitted-wi-fi-affect-hearing/">Does all-day and long-term exposure to radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi affect hearing?</a> appeared first on <a href="https://www.emfsa.co.za">EMFSA</a>.</p>
]]></description>
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<h6><span class="NLM_article-title hlFld-title">Does all-day and long-term exposure to radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi affect hearing?</span></h6>
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<div class="hlFld-ContribAuthor"><span class="NLM_contrib-group"><span class="contribDegrees "><a class="entryAuthor" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/author/Yorgancilar%2C+Ediz">Ediz Yorgancilar</a>, </span><span class="contribDegrees corresponding "><a class="entryAuthor" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/author/Dasdag%2C+Suleyman">Suleyman Dasdag</a>, </span><span class="contribDegrees "><a class="entryAuthor" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/author/Akdag%2C+Mehmet+Z%C3%BClk%C3%BCf">Mehmet Zülküf Akdag</a>, </span><span class="contribDegrees "><a class="entryAuthor" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/author/Akkus%2C+Zeki">Zeki Akkus</a>, </span><span class="contribDegrees "><a class="entryAuthor" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/author/Akdag%2C+Mehmet">Mehmet Akdag</a> &amp; </span><span class="contribDegrees "><a class="entryAuthor" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/author/Topcu%2C+Ismail">Ismail Topcu</a></span></span></div>
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<p>Pages 1204-1209 | Received 04 Jun 2017, Accepted 25 Aug 2017, Published online: 06 Sep 2017 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/13102818.2017.1373033">https://doi.org/10.1080/13102818.2017.1373033</a></p>
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<h6 id="abstract" class="section-heading-2">ABSTRACT</h6>
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<p>We investigated the long-term effects of radiofrequency radiation (RFR) emitted from Wi-Fi systems on hearing. Sixteen Wistar albino rats were divided equally into two groups: sham control and exposure groups. The rats in the experimental group were exposed to 2.4 GHz RFR emitted from a Wi-Fi generator for 24 h/day for one year. The same procedure was applied to the rats in the sham group, except that the Wi-Fi generator was turned off. All groups were kept in Faraday cages during the 12 months to eliminate external electromagnetic fields. The distance between the Wi-Fi generator antenna and the exposure cages was 50 cm. Pre-exposure distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE) of all rats were measured at the beginning, 6th and 12th months of the study. The DPOAE values of the sham, baseline and exposure groups were compared statistically. For the 6000 Hz hearing frequency, the DPOAE values in the exposure group were lower than those in the sham group (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). Similarly, the 6000 Hz hearing frequency values obtained at the end of the 12th month were also lower than the baseline and 6-month values in the exposure group (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). In contrast, the DPOAE values at the 6th and 12th months of exposure for the 2000 Hz hearing frequency were higher than the baseline value (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). These results indicated that 12 months of RFR (24 h/day) at 50 cm from a 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi source can affect hearing. However, further studies are necessary.</p>
<div class="hlFld-KeywordText">KEYWORDS: <a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/keyword/Wi-fi+Radiation">Wi-Fi radiation</a><span class="comma">, </span><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/keyword/Hearing">hearing</a><span class="comma">, </span><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/keyword/Distortion+Product+Otoacoustic+Emission+%5C%28DPOAE%5C%29">distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE)</a><span class="comma">, </span><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/keyword/Wireless+Communication">wireless communication</a><span class="comma">, </span><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/keyword/Biological+Effects">biological effects</a></p>
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<h6 id="_i3" class="section-heading-2">Introduction</h6>
<p>The biological effects of alternating electromagnetic fields (EMFs) have long been studied. In recent years, there has been an impressive growth in the number of processes and devices that use or emit radiofrequency (RF) and microwaves in developed countries. Such devices are being increasingly used in industry, engineering, telecommunications, medicine, education and home settings [<span class="ref-lnk"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13102818.2017.1373033#" data-rid="cit0001" data-reflink="_i14">1</a><span class="ref-overlay scrollable-ref"> <span class="hlFld-ContribAuthor">Peyman <span class="NLM_given-names">A</span></span>, <span class="hlFld-ContribAuthor">Khalid <span class="NLM_given-names">M</span></span>, <span class="hlFld-ContribAuthor">Calderon <span class="NLM_given-names">C</span></span>, et al. <span class="NLM_article-title">Assessment of exposure to electromagnetic fields from wireless computer networks (Wi-Fi) in schools: results of laboratory measurements</span>. Health Phys. <span class="NLM_year">2011</span>;100(6):<span class="NLM_fpage">594</span>–<span class="NLM_lpage">612</span>.<span class="ref-links"><span class="xlinks-container"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/servlet/linkout?suffix=cit0001&amp;dbid=16&amp;doi=10.1080%2F13102818.2017.1373033&amp;key=10.1097%2FHP.0b013e318200e203" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">[Crossref]</a>, <a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/servlet/linkout?suffix=cit0001&amp;dbid=8&amp;doi=10.1080%2F13102818.2017.1373033&amp;key=22004929" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">[PubMed]</a>, <a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/servlet/linkout?suffix=cit0001&amp;dbid=128&amp;doi=10.1080%2F13102818.2017.1373033&amp;key=000289975700004" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">[Web of Science ®]</a></span>, <span class="googleScholar-container"><a class="google-scholar" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?hl=en&amp;publication_year=2011&amp;pages=594-612&amp;issue=6&amp;author=A+Peyman&amp;author=M+Khalid&amp;author=C+Calderon&amp;title=Assessment+of+exposure+to+electromagnetic+fields+from+wireless+computer+networks+%28Wi-Fi%29+in+schools:+results+of+laboratory+measurements&amp;" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">[Google Scholar]</a></span></span></span></span>]. Thus, widespread use of devices generating EMFs has become a major public concern because of findings related to possible hazardous effects of this technology on human health. These technologies include wireless local area networks (WLANs) and Wi-Fi communication systems. Wi-Fi systems, which are used frequently indoors and outdoors, also emit radiofrequency radiation (RFR).</p>
<p>WLANs are networks that operate without physical wires connected to the terminal devices (‘clients’). Wi-Fi is the most common WLAN technology, in which devices and computers are connected to the local area network (LAN) wirelessly. The point of entry to the wired network is termed an ‘access point’ and is typically positioned in the vicinity, at a distance of a few tens of metres. Wi-Fi equipment transmits and receives radio waves to establish the wireless connection. This technology is popular among a wide range of users.</p>
<p>People using or in the proximity of Wi-Fi equipment are exposed to the radio signals emitted from it and will absorb some of the transmitted energy in their bodies. Thus, the recent increase in the popularity of Wi-Fi devices has become a cause of concern in view of the introduction of wireless computer systems in schools and the extent to which the pupils are exposed to radio waves emitted from such sources [<span class="ref-lnk"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13102818.2017.1373033#" data-rid="cit0001" data-reflink="_i14">1</a><span class="ref-overlay scrollable-ref"> <span class="hlFld-ContribAuthor">Peyman <span class="NLM_given-names">A</span></span>, <span class="hlFld-ContribAuthor">Khalid <span class="NLM_given-names">M</span></span>, <span class="hlFld-ContribAuthor">Calderon <span class="NLM_given-names">C</span></span>, et al. <span class="NLM_article-title">Assessment of exposure to electromagnetic fields from wireless computer networks (Wi-Fi) in schools: results of laboratory measurements</span>. Health Phys. <span class="NLM_year">2011</span>;100(6):<span class="NLM_fpage">594</span>–<span class="NLM_lpage">612</span>.<span class="ref-links"><span class="xlinks-container"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/servlet/linkout?suffix=cit0001&amp;dbid=16&amp;doi=10.1080%2F13102818.2017.1373033&amp;key=10.1097%2FHP.0b013e318200e203" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">[Crossref]</a>, <a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/servlet/linkout?suffix=cit0001&amp;dbid=8&amp;doi=10.1080%2F13102818.2017.1373033&amp;key=22004929" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">[PubMed]</a>, <a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/servlet/linkout?suffix=cit0001&amp;dbid=128&amp;doi=10.1080%2F13102818.2017.1373033&amp;key=000289975700004" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">[Web of Science ®]</a></span>, <span class="googleScholar-container"><a class="google-scholar" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?hl=en&amp;publication_year=2011&amp;pages=594-612&amp;issue=6&amp;author=A+Peyman&amp;author=M+Khalid&amp;author=C+Calderon&amp;title=Assessment+of+exposure+to+electromagnetic+fields+from+wireless+computer+networks+%28Wi-Fi%29+in+schools:+results+of+laboratory+measurements&amp;" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">[Google Scholar]</a></span></span></span></span>].</p>
<p>For the reasons mentioned above, one concern in public opinion is the biological effects of RFs emitted from Wi-Fi systems. Despite the intense public interest, usually focused on any relationship between RFR and cancer, there is not sufficient research on RF emitted from Wi-Fi systems. Another important point to be considered is whether RF emissions from Wi-Fi wireless communications affect hearing. The auditory system is the neural organ most frequently and directly exposed to RFs emitted from mobile phones and other similar equipment.</p>
<p>Otoacoustic emission (OAE) is low-level acoustic signals emitted by the cochlear outer hair cells (OHCs) either spontaneously or evoked by an auditory stimulus and recorded via the external acoustic meatus. OAE was originally described by Kemp [<span class="ref-lnk"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13102818.2017.1373033#" data-rid="cit0002" data-reflink="_i14">2</a><span class="ref-overlay scrollable-ref"> <span class="hlFld-ContribAuthor">Kemp <span class="NLM_given-names">DT</span></span>. <span class="NLM_article-title">Stimulated acoustic emissions from within the human auditory system</span>. J Acoust Soc Am. <span class="NLM_year">1978</span>;64:<span class="NLM_fpage">1386</span>–<span class="NLM_lpage">1391</span>.<span class="ref-links"><span class="xlinks-container"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/servlet/linkout?suffix=cit0002&amp;dbid=16&amp;doi=10.1080%2F13102818.2017.1373033&amp;key=10.1121%2F1.382104" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">[Crossref]</a>, <a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/servlet/linkout?suffix=cit0002&amp;dbid=8&amp;doi=10.1080%2F13102818.2017.1373033&amp;key=744838" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">[PubMed]</a>, <a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/servlet/linkout?suffix=cit0002&amp;dbid=128&amp;doi=10.1080%2F13102818.2017.1373033&amp;key=A1978FW33500015" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">[Web of Science ®]</a></span>, <span class="googleScholar-container"><a class="google-scholar" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?hl=en&amp;publication_year=1978&amp;pages=1386-1391&amp;author=DT+Kemp&amp;title=Stimulated+acoustic+emissions+from+within+the+human+auditory+system&amp;" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">[Google Scholar]</a></span></span></span></span>]. OAE signals are evoked because of the motility of the cochlea&#8217;s sensory OHCs that make their way outward from the basilar membrane of the cochlea through the middle ear, vibrating the tympanic membrane and propagating into the external auditory canal [<span class="ref-lnk"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13102818.2017.1373033#" data-rid="cit0003" data-reflink="_i14">3</a><span class="ref-overlay scrollable-ref"> <span class="hlFld-ContribAuthor">Kemp <span class="NLM_given-names">DT</span></span>. <span class="NLM_article-title">Otoacoustic emissions, their origin in cochlear function, and use</span>. Br Med Bull. <span class="NLM_year">2002</span>;63:<span class="NLM_fpage">223</span>–<span class="NLM_lpage">241</span>.<span class="ref-links"><span class="xlinks-container"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/servlet/linkout?suffix=cit0003&amp;dbid=16&amp;doi=10.1080%2F13102818.2017.1373033&amp;key=10.1093%2Fbmb%2F63.1.223" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">[Crossref]</a>, <a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/servlet/linkout?suffix=cit0003&amp;dbid=8&amp;doi=10.1080%2F13102818.2017.1373033&amp;key=12324396" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">[PubMed]</a>, <a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/servlet/linkout?suffix=cit0003&amp;dbid=128&amp;doi=10.1080%2F13102818.2017.1373033&amp;key=000178521200017" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">[Web of Science ®]</a></span>, <span class="googleScholar-container"><a class="google-scholar" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?hl=en&amp;publication_year=2002&amp;pages=223-241&amp;author=DT+Kemp&amp;title=Otoacoustic+emissions,+their+origin+in+cochlear+function,+and+use&amp;" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">[Google Scholar]</a></span></span></span></span>]. OAE testing is commonly used as a method for evaluation of hearing problems. Distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) are evoked OAEs produced by the ear in response to two simultaneous pure tone stimuli. DPOAEs give information about the hearing and are frequently used in studies to investigate hearing problems [<span class="ref-lnk"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13102818.2017.1373033#" data-rid="cit0004" data-reflink="_i14">4</a><span class="ref-overlay scrollable-ref"> <span class="hlFld-ContribAuthor">Probst <span class="NLM_given-names">R</span></span>, <span class="hlFld-ContribAuthor">Lonsbury-Martin <span class="NLM_given-names">BL</span></span>, <span class="hlFld-ContribAuthor">Martin <span class="NLM_given-names">GK</span></span>. <span class="NLM_article-title">A review of otoacoustic emissions</span>. J Acoust Soc Am. <span class="NLM_year">1991</span>;89(5):<span class="NLM_fpage">2027</span>–<span class="NLM_lpage">2067</span>.<span class="ref-links"><span class="xlinks-container"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/servlet/linkout?suffix=cit0004&amp;dbid=16&amp;doi=10.1080%2F13102818.2017.1373033&amp;key=10.1121%2F1.400897" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">[Crossref]</a>, <a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/servlet/linkout?suffix=cit0004&amp;dbid=8&amp;doi=10.1080%2F13102818.2017.1373033&amp;key=1860995" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">[PubMed]</a>, <a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/servlet/linkout?suffix=cit0004&amp;dbid=128&amp;doi=10.1080%2F13102818.2017.1373033&amp;key=A1991FL77500001" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">[Web of Science ®]</a></span>, <span class="googleScholar-container"><a class="google-scholar" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?hl=en&amp;publication_year=1991&amp;pages=2027-2067&amp;issue=5&amp;author=R+Probst&amp;author=BL+Lonsbury-Martin&amp;author=GK+Martin&amp;title=A+review+of+otoacoustic+emissions&amp;" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">[Google Scholar]</a></span></span></span></span>]. Generally, loss of OHCs or impairment of OHC function results in the attenuation of DPOAE amplitudes and sound/noise (S/N) ratios.</p>
<p>Whether RFR emitted from Wi-Fi systems affects hearing is a major concern in the general public. Thus, we investigated the long-term effects of 2.4 GHz RFR emitted from a Wi-Fi wireless system on hearing in rats using DPOAE. To our knowledge, no reported study has examined the long-term effects of Wi-Fi signals on the OHC function of the cochlea so far.</p>
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<p>The post <a href="https://www.emfsa.co.za/research-and-studies/day-long-term-exposure-radiofrequency-radiation-emitted-wi-fi-affect-hearing/">Does all-day and long-term exposure to radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi affect hearing?</a> appeared first on <a href="https://www.emfsa.co.za">EMFSA</a>.</p>
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