Published: 2026-05-30 | EMFSA

Radiation monitoring and preparedness is a critical focus area in global public health policy. On 23 May 2026, the Seventy-ninth World Health Assembly approved the first global resolution on radiation and health, titled Radiation and health: strengthening global protection, preparedness and response.

This landmark resolution marks the first time Member States have agreed on a comprehensive international framework addressing both ionizing and non-ionizing radiation.

The resolution highlights the importance of strengthening national systems for radiation protection, including improved exposure monitoring, workforce training, and integration of radiation risk management into broader public health and emergency preparedness frameworks. It emphasizes improving exposure monitoring as a core function of effective health protection systems.

Member States are also encouraged to ensure the safe and equitable use of radiation in medical applications, including imaging, radiotherapy, and radiopharmaceuticals. This includes strengthening regulatory oversight, quality assurance systems, and professional training.

A key priority of the resolution is addressing both ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, reflecting the full spectrum of environmental, medical, occupational, and emergency-related exposure risks.

In addition, the resolution promotes stronger public communication, international cooperation, and evidence-based policymaking to improve global preparedness and reduce radiation-related health risks.

WHO will also map global stakeholders, identify gaps in implementation, and report progress to the World Health Assembly in 2028.

Source / Attribution

Source: Adapted from World Health Organization (WHO), Radiation and health: strengthening global protection, preparedness and response, World Health Assembly Daily Update, 23 May 2026.
WHO daily update – 23 May 2026

Further reading https://www.emfsa.co.za/news/urgent-action-needed-on-radioactive-gas-levels-in-south-african-homes/

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Published April 11, 2026 | Article by EMFSA

5G/6G 28 GHz EMF Exposure Levels – Some people worry that newer networks (especially 5G/6G) might affect health. Therefore, the researchers sought a realistic, everyday assessment. The objective of the study was to investigate hotspot effects from MaMIMO base stations on RF-EMF exposure. The authors compared instantaneous exposure metrics with 30-minute ICNIRP limits as a conservative worst-case scenario, referring to these as “exposure limits.”

This work comprehensively studies hotspots in realistic environments at 28 GHz.

Simulated a person walking in cities (like Helsinki and New York).

Used detailed 3D maps (buildings, trees, streets).

Modeled how signals travel and interact with the human body.

Key findings

• Case studies in Helsinki and NYC show the reference and basic exposure metrics along a realistic path, remaining within at most 1% of the ICNIRP guidelines limit for 30-min averaging intervals. 
• Using your phone increases exposure compared to not using it (because signals focus on your device).
• Distributed (cell-free) MaMIMO systems spread signals more evenly, avoiding strong peaks.
• Small “hotspots” of higher signal can occur, but they are tiny and short-lived.

In short, according to the authors: 

In normal real-world situations, even with advanced 5G/6G systems, exposure to radio waves stays far below safety limits and is not unusually high.

As per the authors, the study introduces several novel contributions:

• A first-of-its-kind end-to-end method for assessing mmWave exposure, combining ray-tracing, QuaDRiGa, and FDTD simulations.
• The use of high-accuracy photogrammetry and semantic classification to model realistic exposure along real-world paths.
• A comparison of collocated and cell-free massive MIMO systems under both user and non-user scenarios at 28 GHz.
• A detailed analysis of realistic exposure “hotspots” and their impact on key metrics such as incident (Sinc) and absorbed (Sab) power density.

What are the limitations of the study?

• Very high computational cost
• Incomplete real-world data (materials & antennas)
• Partly statistical (not fully exact)
• Limited validation with real measurements
• Specific scenarios only

Bottom line:

The study is advanced and realistic, but still depends on simulations, assumptions, and limited real-world data.

5G/6G 28 GHz EMF Exposure Levels – Advantages of the study

Realistic global modelling – Can simulate EMF exposure almost anywhere using detailed 3D environments.

End-to-end “digital twin” – Models the full process: from signal transmission (Tx power) to what the human body absorbs.

Practical usefulness

-Helps policy-makers understand real exposure levels.

-Helps network planners design safer, more efficient systems. –

Advanced accuracy – Combines multiple techniques to better reflect real-world signal behavior.

5G/6G 28 GHz EMF Exposure Levels – Future recommendations by the authors

1. Expand testing environments – Apply the method across urban, rural, indoor, and controlled lab settings.
2. Validate with real-world measurements – Use wearable dosimeters and city-scale experiments.
3. Scale to future 6G systems – Investigate exposure in ultra-massive MIMO networks.
4. Improve model realism – Incorporate real device and antenna data.
5. Collaborate with industry – Access proprietary antenna designs and configurations.

Source and licensing

This article is based on: Wydaeghe et al. (2026). Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Further reading: Numerical Analysis of Electromagnetic Field Exposure from 5G Mobile Communications at 28 GHZ in Adults and Children Users for Real-World Exposure Scenarios https://www.emfsa.co.za/research-and-studies/numerical-analysis-of-electromagnetic-field-exposure-from-5g-mobile-communications-at-28-ghz-in-adults-and-children-users-for-real-world-exposure-scenarios/

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Mobile Phones as Vectors of Infectious Disease are increasingly recognised as a public health concern, particularly as their use extends into high-risk environments such as bathrooms. These devices function as fomites—objects capable of carrying and transmitting bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

Common examples include doorknobs, clothing, medical equipment, and frequently used electronic devices such as mobile phones, tablets, laptops, and pens, all of which are handled regularly and often inadequately disinfected.

Pathogens such as norovirus can survive for prolonged periods on surfaces, enabling indirect transmission between environments and individuals.

Microbial Contamination

A 2025 study by Olsen et al. identified over 2,200 microbial species on mobile phones, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. Clinically significant organisms such as ESKAPE (antibiotic-resistant pathogens) and HACEK (associated with infective endocarditis and other infections) were detected.

The presence of antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence factors highlights the potential for mobile devices to act as reservoirs of clinically relevant microbes.

Hygiene and Transmission

Mobile devices are handled continuously yet infrequently disinfected, allowing microbes to transfer between hands, surfaces, and the face. This creates a cycle of contamination through repeated handling and contact.

These risks are further amplified by behavioural patterns, particularly smartphone use in high-contamination environments.

Behavioural Risk: Toilet Use

Smartphone use on the toilet is increasingly common and associated with prolonged sitting time. Research suggests this behaviour may increase the risk of hemorrhoids due to sustained pressure, while also increasing exposure to contaminated surfaces and aerosolised particles.

Children and Vulnerable Groups

Photo by Jill Sauve on Unsplash

The role of mobile phones as vectors of infectious disease is particularly relevant in households with young children. While concerns often focus on radiation exposure, blue light, and screen addiction, an equally important issue is microbial transfer.

Caregivers should be aware that mobile phones can harbour and transfer bacteria even after handwashing. This creates a cycle of recontamination, where clean hands come into contact with contaminated devices, potentially increasing exposure risks for children whose immune systems are still developing.

Limitations and Public Health Implications

Current evidence demonstrates contamination but does not establish direct causation of disease. Further research is required to quantify risk and inform policy. Development of hygiene guidelines—particularly in healthcare and public settings—may be warranted.

Practical Advice

Regular cleaning of mobile devices using appropriate disinfectants, limiting use in high-risk environments, and increasing awareness are practical steps to reduce risk.

Conclusion

Mobile Phones as Vectors of Infectious Disease represent an under-recognised pathway for microbial transmission. Improved hygiene practices and behavioural awareness are essential to mitigate potential public health risks.
These findings demonstrate that mobile phones can act as mobile reservoirs of microbial life, effectively functioning as “petri dishes” that facilitate indirect spread and transmission across geographical boundaries.

Your phone is covered in germs: a tech expert explains how to clean it without doing damage

References

Further reading: Study explores a concerning link between digital screen time and breast cancer risk https://www.emfsa.co.za/research-and-studies/study-explores-a-concerning-link-between-digital-screen-time-and-breast-cancer-risk/

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Illustration of a 60 GHz electromagnetic wave interacting with an oxygen (O2) molecule, demonstrating microwave absorption characteristics relevant to atmospheric physics and communication technologies.

Image: Created by EMFSA using free vector elements from https://pixabay.com/

Minor note: The absorption at 60 GHz is particularly strong due to molecular resonance. This property makes the band ideal for engineered short-range links but unsuitable for long-haul communication, which is why it’s mainly used in dense urban areas or to connect specific points rather than for broad coverage.

Real-World Applications of 60 GHz (V-Band) Technology:

60 GHz signals are already used in homes, offices, and public spaces worldwide. Beyond ultra-fast Wi-Fi, this frequency band is actively used for high-capacity, short-range wireless communication.

Examples of 60 GHz Use

• Ultra-fast WiGig Wi-Fi for wireless docking and VR systems
• Indoor and campus wireless links for offices, universities, and data centers
• Point-to-point (PTP) connections for building-to-building links

60 GHz Technology in South Africa

In South Africa, 60 GHz technology is widely used as a faster, cost-effective alternative to laying fibre optic cables. Internet service providers, businesses, and public infrastructure projects deploy it mainly in dense urban areas or to connect remote locations where fibre installation is challenging.

Key applications include:

• High-Capacity Point-to-Point (PTP) Links: Connecting buildings, typically up to about 1.5 km
• Small Cell Backhaul: Linking mobile network infrastructure in cities
• ISP Last-Mile Connectivity (Fixed Wireless Access) that delivers high-speed internet where fibre is not available
• Campus Networks: High-speed connections across schools, business parks, and retail centres
• Security and Video Surveillance: Supporting high-capacity video transmission

The Independent Communications Authority of South Africa (ICASA) allows the use of this band (typically 57–66 GHz), aligning with international standards. One advantage of 60 GHz is that it allows many links to operate in a small area with minimal interference.

Satellite Megaconstellations and 60 GHz

Satellite megaconstellations such as Starlink, OneWeb, and Amazon Kuiper do not use 60 GHz for consumer connections. These systems operate primarily in lower frequency bands, such as the Ku and Ka bands, which can travel long distances from space to Earth.

The 60 GHz band is only practical for short-range, ground-based links. This means the oxygen absorption discussed here applies only to local wireless systems—not satellites—and does not affect the air we breathe.

Why Oxygen Absorbs 60 GHz Signals

At around 60 GHz, oxygen molecules have a natural resonance that makes them more likely to take in energy from radio waves. Importantly, this is a normal and harmless physical process.

What actually happens?

• Energy absorption is temporary – oxygen molecules take in a tiny amount of energy and release it as heat
• No chemical change occurs – the oxygen molecules remain the same
• Signals weaken over distance – this is why 60 GHz is used for short-range communication
• Engineers use this effect – it helps reduce interference and improves performance in dense areas

Looking Ahead: Higher Frequencies and Future Networks

Scientific research shows that interactions between radio waves and living organisms are frequency-dependent. For example, a recent study on fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) exposed to radio-frequency fields found no effects on behaviour or reproduction, even at levels higher than typically encountered in real environments.

Modelling from the same research suggests that much higher frequencies (around 90 GHz)—which may be used in future technologies—could result in greater energy absorption in very small organisms like insects.

However, this refers to tiny, localized effects and does not imply any risk to humans or oxygen in the air.

Citation:
De Boose, P., Ribas, F. O., Bell, D., Bouga, M., De Borre, E., Fröhlich, J., et al. (2025). Behaviour and reproduction of Drosophila melanogaster exposed to 3.6 GHz radio-frequency electromagnetic fields.PLOS ONE, 20(12), e0336228.

Closing Thoughts: Can 60 GHz Signals for 5G Steal Oxygen from the Air?

The idea that 60 GHz signals for 5G could “steal” oxygen comes from a misunderstanding of how radio waves interact with the atmosphere. While 60 GHz is absorbed by oxygen at a higher rate than other radio frequencies, this is a well-known and harmless effect that only reduces signal strength over distance. The energy deposited in the air is minimal and does not affect oxygen availability or human breathing. Engineers even take advantage of oxygen’s absorption characteristics to design efficient, high-speed, short-range wireless systems, while long-distance communication continues to rely on lower-frequency bands that propagate further without excessive attenuation.

Further reading (2021):

Does Amazon’s Sleep Tracking Technology Invade Bedroom Privacy? Concerns Raised About Data Sharing, Opacity of Intentions for Collected Information https://www.emfsa.co.za/news/does-amazons-sleep-tracking-technology-invade-bedroom-privacy-concerns-raised-about-data-sharing-opacity-of-intentions-for-collected-information/

References

• MCToon.net. (n.d.). 60 GHz does get absorbed by oxygen at a much higher rate than other frequencies of radio waves. Retrieved March 22, 2026, from https://mctoon.net/60ghz/
• ICO Optics. (n.d.). Atmospheric layers and their effect on radio propagation.Retrieved March 22, 2026, from https://www.ico-optics.org/atmospheric-layers-and-their-effect-on-radio-propagation/
• De Boose, P., Ribas, F. O., Bell, D., Bouga, M., De Borre, E., Fröhlich, J., et al. (2025). Behaviour and reproduction of Drosophila melanogasterexposed to 3.6 GHz radio-frequency electromagnetic fields. PLOS ONE, 20(12), e0336228. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0336228
• Independent Communications Authority of South Africa (ICASA). (n.d.). Radio spectrum standards and regulations.Retrieved March 22, 2026, from https://www.icasa.org.za
• IEEE. (2012). IEEE Standard 802.11ad-2012. https://standards.ieee.org/standard/802_11ad-2012.html
• IEEE. (2021). IEEE Standard 802.11ay-2021. https://standards.ieee.org/standard/802_11ay-2021.html

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Published: 26 February 2026
By EMFSA

Class 2B Possible Human Carcinogens

Class 2B Possible Human Carcinogens are substances or exposures identified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as possibly carcinogenic to humans. This classification is based on limited or inconclusive evidence in humans, supported by preclinical studies in animals or mechanistic research. Importantly, being classified as possibly carcinogenic indicates hazard, not proven risk at typical environmental exposure levels.

Evidence and Examples of Class 2B Agents

To illustrate the diversity of evidence, consider two notable examples. In November 2025, IARC classified vinclozolin, a pesticide, as “possibly carcinogenic to humans,” based on animal studies showing liver and reproductive effects, including multigenerational impacts. Human data remain limited, but the experimental findings were sufficient to support a Group 2B designation.

Radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields were classified earlier, in 2011, based primarily on limited human epidemiological evidence suggesting a potential association with certain brain tumors, alongside mechanistic data from preclinical studies available at that time. Following this classification, additional research, such as the NTP 2018 animal study, investigated high-dose RF-EMF exposure in both rats and mice and observed small increases in certain tumors in male rats, particularly cardiac schwannomas and some brain gliomas. Although these post-classification studies contribute to ongoing research, they did not influence the original Group 2B designation. Evaluations by the WHO EMF Project and IARC continue to assess new evidence to determine whether future reclassification may be warranted.

At the same time, international review efforts have continued. The WHO EMF Project and IARC are assessing newer evidence to determine whether the existing classification remains appropriate or whether future reassessment may be warranted.

Taken together, these examples show that Class 2B agents represent signals of potential carcinogenicity that warrant further research, regulatory attention, and precautionary measures, while reinforcing that current evidence in humans remains limited or inconclusive.

Regulatory and Precautionary Approaches

Regulatory responses vary depending on the type of agent and the strength of evidence available. In some jurisdictions, vinclozolin has been restricted or phased out following toxicological concerns. By contrast, regulators manage RF-EMF exposure primarily through guidelines and public health recommendations.

It is important to clarify that the World Health Organization does not set exposure limits directly. Instead, independent scientific bodies such as ICNIRP and IEEE develop exposure guidelines, while WHO evaluates the broader health evidence and provides risk assessments to governments.

Understanding Class 2B Possible Human Carcinogens

Overall, Class 2B Possible Human Carcinogens indicate that credible scientific signals exist, yet the evidence is not strong enough to establish causation in humans. As a result, the designation encourages further research, careful monitoring, and proportionate precaution, without implying confirmed human cancer risk.

IARC Classification System

The International Agency for Research on Cancer classification system is defined as follows:

• Group 1 — Carcinogenic to humans
• Group 2A — Probably carcinogenic to humans
• Group 2B — Possibly carcinogenic to humans
• Group 3 — Not classifiable as to carcinogenicity in humans

More on the topic: : IARC Monographs evaluation of the carcinogenicity of night shift work https://www.emfsa.co.za/research-and-studies/iarc-monographs-evaluation-of-the-carcinogenicity-of-night-shift-work/

References:

1. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). List of Classifications, including Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields. Last updated 25 February 2026.https://monographs.iarc.who.int/list-of-classifications
2. US Right to Know. One Exposure, Twenty Generations Later: The Damage is Unfolding. 2025. https://usrtk.org/healthwire/one-exposure-twenty-generations-later-the-damage-is-unfolding/
3. World Health Organization. International EMF Project https://www.who.int/initiatives/the-international-emf-project
4. WHO Radiation and health https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/radiation-and-health/non-ionizing/wireless
5. ICNIRP. Guidelines for limiting exposure to electromagnetic fields (100 kHz – 300 GHz). 2020. https://www.icnirp.org/en/publications/article/rf-guidelines-2020.html

* Image adapted from Photo by Milad Fakurian on Unsplash

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A Brief Look at What Different Countries and Groups State:

• BERENIS – Swiss expert group on electromagnetic fields and non-ionising radiation
• The German Radiation Protection Commission (SSK)
• Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH)
• Expert Alleges Interference in WHO RF–Cancer Review (as reported by Microwave News.

US Wireless Policy: Health Concerns vs. Rapid Deployment

In EMFSA January 2026 News Updates, we examine the growing policy divide in Washington over wireless technology. U.S. Health and Human Services (HHS) Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. has raised concerns about the potential health effects of radiofrequency emissions, prompting new federal research efforts—though existing exposure standards remain unchanged for now.

Electromagnetic Weapons & Havana Syndrome: Renewed Scrutiny

In this section, we delve into the ongoing scrutiny surrounding Havana Syndrome, also known as anomalous health incidents (AHIs). We explain how directed-energy weapons (DEWs) use concentrated energy (such as electromagnetic waves or lasers) to damage or disrupt targets, and how research into such systems has been ongoing since the early 2000s. The U.S. military once explored MEDUSA, a non-lethal microwave-based system intended to incapacitate targets through auditory effects. However, the program was discontinued due to concerns about potential long-term health risks.

For more about the historical context and ongoing congressional oversight, read the full news update: EMFSA January 2026 Newsletter

Further Reading: Havana Syndrome March 2024 https://www.emfsa.co.za/news/havana-syndrome-march-2024/

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5G Frequency Range 2 (FR2), commonly known as millimeter-wave (mmWave), operates within the 24.25 GHz to 52.6 GHz spectrum range. While mmWave has been used for decades in applications requiring high frequency and bandwidth, its integration into 5G networks represents a new phase in mobile communication.

Historically, mmWave technology has been applied in radar systems (including automotive and aerospace radar), satellite communication, point-to-point communication links, security imaging scanners, and industrial sensing and measurement equipment. In these applications, public exposure was typically incidental and minimal, with workers protected by occupational safety regulations.

Current Use of 5G FR2

Key Applications of 5G FR2

Today, 5G FR2 is not only used for point-to-point links but is also deployed for several key applications, including:

• Backhaul and fronthaul communication
• Hotspot 5G access
• Fixed wireless access

Human Exposure Context

With 5G FR2, however, exposure can occur both in public and private spaces, including within homes, especially when devices like mmWave-enabled smartphones are used. This is due to both 5G FR2-enabled base stations and user devices contributing to exposure in everyday environments.

Public exposure to FR2 is currently limited but is expected to rise as FR2 networks expand. In many countries, mmWave is still in trial or early deployment stages, with broad consumer coverage yet to come. However, commercial 5G cellular networks that include FR2 are already operational in the following countries:

• United States
• Japan

Other countries that have early deployment activity or have allocated mmWave spectrum (with some limited commercial use) include:

• Germany
• Italy
• Finland
• Spain
• Australia
• Taiwan
• Hong Kong
• Singapore

Further Research Needs in Relation to FR2

According to the German Radiation Protection Commission (SSK), scientific understanding of the biological and health effects of 5G millimeter-wave frequencies (FR2), especially those above 24 GHz, is still limited. This is mainly because these waves are absorbed primarily at the surface of the body, which makes it harder to assess their effects on deeper tissues.

The Commission emphasizes the need for more research on FR2 frequencies used in telecommunications and advocates for methodologically rigorous studies to better assess potential health risks. Importantly, they do not call for halting the 5G rollout, but instead encourage ongoing monitoring and continued research.

Key Areas of Focus for Future Research:

• Effects on the skin and eyes, as these are the most exposed parts of the body.
• Biological processes mediated through the skin, particularly effects on the nervous system and immune responses.
• Long-term effects, both in humans and animal models, to understand chronic exposure risks.
• Thermal and non-thermal effects, with particular interest in potential non-thermal mechanisms that could affect health.

Several ongoing European research projects aim to address these gaps, and their findings will be critical for guiding future policy and health recommendations in regions like Germany, where FR2 frequencies are being actively considered for broader use. Citation: Radiation Protection Commission, “Electromagnetic fields from mobile communications in the context of the current 5G network rollout: Technical aspects and biological effects in the upper frequency range (FR2, above approx. 24 GHz)”, Statement of the Radiation Protection Commission, January 21, 2026. Link to the statement | Link to the full report (PDF).

Continued research into FR2 frequencies is crucial to ensure public health safety and inform policy decisions on 5G deployment.

Germany’s FR2 Statement

Germany is not calling for a halt to the deployment of 5G FR2 frequencies (the higher millimeter-wave bands, above 24 GHz). Instead, Germany’s Radiation Protection Commission (SSK) is emphasizing continued monitoring and further research into potential health effects rather than suspending the rollout. While Germany has not opposed the use of FR2 frequencies, it has clearly identified gaps in the current scientific evidence and is urging additional studies to ensure that public health remains adequately protected.

The Complexities of EMF Research and Safety Guidelines

Organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) state that millimeter waves, including those used in 5G FR2, are unlikely to cause harm when exposure remains within established safety limits. These guidelines focus primarily on thermal effects (tissue heating), which are well-understood and supported by extensive evidence. At the same time, WHO and ICNIRP acknowledge that research gaps remain, particularly at higher frequencies such as those used in FR2.

While major health organizations continue to uphold the adequacy of current safety standards, some independent scientific reviews argue that these guidelines primarily focus on thermal effects, potentially overlooking long-term or non-thermal mechanisms. However, not all accept these critiques, and they remain part of ongoing scientific debate. Despite this, the prevailing consensus among health organizations is that current exposure limits are sufficient to protect against established adverse health effects.

Further Reading

Maritime 5G and Marine Ecosystems https://www.emfsa.co.za/news/maritime-5g-and-marine-ecosystems/

References

A Look at the Current Status of 5G and Millimeter Waves at Home and Abroad [Part 1] — Frequency Allocation and Commercial Service Launch https://www.telegraphic.jp/en/2023/12/19/

5G Frequency Bands & Spectrum Allocations

How expert bodies assess mobile communications https://www.telekom.com/en/corporate-responsibility/environment/details/how-expert-bodies-assess-mobile-communications-361642

Fact Sheet: GSMA 5G mmWave https://www.gsma.com/get-involved/gsma-foundry/gsma_resources/gsma-5g-mmwave-fact-sheet/

Author’s note
This article was conceived and written by the author. AI-based tools were used to assist with language refinement, formatting, and clarity.

Image adapted from a photo by gryffyn m on Unsplash

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García-Robledo et al. (2025) showed that hummingbird flower mites detect and respond to modulated electric fields generated by hummingbirds, using electroreception to facilitate rapid host detection and airborne transfer.

Nature’s Version of Modulation

In the case of the hummingbird, the modulation appears to be periodic and mechanical, driven by:

• Wingbeats (which generate cyclic fluctuations in charge and air pressure)
  
• Rapid movement through air (causing triboelectric charging/discharging)
  
• Intermittent contact with flower surfaces and air particles

It’s not digital modulation (like QAM or OFDM used in wireless tech), but it’s still structured, time-varying electric field activity.

Key Differences Between Hummingbird-Generated and Wireless Modulation

While man-made electromagnetic signals are deliberately modulated to carry data, hummingbird-generated electric fields are modulated naturally by movement, wingbeats, and contact with air and surfaces. These natural fields are analog, low-frequency, and often non-polarized — yet organisms like flower mites have evolved to detect them, showing that modulation is a biologically meaningful phenomenon in both nature and technology.

Natural vs. Man-Made Modulation

Here’s how natural modulation from hummingbirds compares to the modulation used in wireless technologies

Why It Matters

It also raises a broader point:

If natural modulation can shape biological behavior, what about the effects of artificial modulation? Could structured, high-frequency signals from modern devices interact with biological systems in unintended ways?

What Kind of Modulation Happens in Nature? It turns out, nature’s version is analog, irregular, and biologically relevant. From flower mites to pollinators, living organisms are tuned not just to electric fields — but to how those fields change over time.

This article includes content and visual support generated with the help of ChatGPT, an AI developed by OpenAI.

Reference

García-Robledo, C., Dierick, D., & Manser, K. (2025). Electric transportation and electroreception in hummingbird flower mites. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 122(5), e2419214122. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2419214122

Further Reading

Wireless Communication Evolution: Modulation Techniques and Health Concerns with Pulse Modulation

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Blue light exposure at night can disrupt the mother’s circadian rhythm — a factor increasingly linked to fetal development and autism spectrum disorders.

Image generated with AI using ChatGPT (OpenAI), input by EMFSA.

A Neglected Risk Factor in Pregnancy

Adverse pregnancy outcomes are commonly linked to factors such as poor nutrition, stress, and environmental toxins. Circadian disruption is now being recognized as another important contributor. Research over the past decade indicates that the circadian system begins developing prenatally through entrainment from the mother.

—Circadian Rhythms as Modulators of Brain Health During Development and Throughout Aging, PMC

How the Fetal Clock Develops — and Why It Matters

The foundation of the circadian system begins forming well before birth. In humans, the brain’s master clock—known as the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)—can be identified by the third trimester. This system is thought to develop in response to maternal signals such as melatonin and daily light-dark cycles. A baby is believed to have a fully functional SCN by around nine months of age.

Research indicates that circadian rhythms influence brain development from early gestation through old age. Disruptions during prenatal development may increase the risk of behavioral and cognitive impairments later in life, while aging is also associated with a natural weakening of these rhythms. Supporting a strong internal clock during pregnancy may therefore be one of the simplest, yet most powerful ways to help protect long-term brain health.
— Circadian Rhythms as Modulators of Brain Health During Development and Throughout Aging, PMC

How Circadian Disruption Occurs in Pregnancy

Epidemiological studies have revealed associations between gestational chronodisruption and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Common sources of circadian disruption during pregnancy include:

• Shift work
  
• Jet lag from travel across time zones
  
• Exposure to artificial light at night
  

— Light and Circadian Signaling Pathway in Pregnancy: Programming of Adult Health and Disease

A Link Worth Investigating Further

The connection between Autism, Circadian Disruption and Pregnancy is becoming more evident as researchers explore how maternal circadian health may shape neurodevelopmental outcomes in the fetus.

Epigenetic Impacts: Altered Placental DNA Methylation

Early-life circadian disruption may increase the risk of chronic illness later in life. Circadian rhythms regulate critical biological processes, including hormone secretion and metabolic function. When disrupted—such as through night shift work—these rhythms can influence the developing fetus in unexpected ways.

One emerging area of concern is the impact on placental DNA methylation.

Clarkson-Townsend et al. (2019) conducted the first study to examine how night shift work, used as a proxy for circadian disruption, may alter methylation patterns in the placenta. Although the findings require cautious interpretation, the study suggests that maternal circadian disruption could lead to epigenetic changes with lasting effects.

Animal studies also indicate that circadian desynchrony in early life can lead to enduring autistic-like behavioral changes in adulthood, reinforcing the potential long-term impact of disrupted rhythms during gestation.

Autism Spectrum Disorders and Neurodevelopment

Autism spectrum disorders include social, communication, and behavioral challenges. Among these are Asperger’s Syndrome and Childhood Disintegrative Disorder. ADHD and autism are both neurodevelopmental conditions that affect brain development and how a person functions day to day. Symptoms typically appear in early childhood and can influence behavior, learning, communication, and emotional regulation throughout life.
— ADHD vs. Autism: The Differences and Similarities

Practical Guidance for Expectant Mothers

Given the potential risks, gynecologists and healthcare professionals should advise pregnant women—and those planning to conceive—to minimize exposure to artificial light at night, especially blue light emitted by phones and screens. Limiting screen use at night is a simple, cost-free measure that may help safeguard fetal circadian development and support healthier neurodevelopmental outcomes.
More on the topic

Dramatically altered environmental lighting conditions in women with high-risk pregnancy during hospitalization – EMFSA

The Emerging Link between Wireless and Autism – EMFSA

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A single swallow flying above abstract waves and digital signals, symbolizing caution in interpreting a single 5G research finding.

Illustration generated by AI using OpenAI’s DALL·E — conceptual design by EMFSA, 2025.

Framing the Narrative: discredit opposition without addressing substance

“This work is a thorough rebuttal to the myths, misconceptions, and conspiracies surrounding 5G networks.”

This kind of framing risks delegitimizing even well-founded or scientifically grounded concerns by categorizing them alongside fringe views.

Loaded Language & Certainty Overreach

Examples:

“Our results show with great clarity…”
“Absolutely nothing”
“We hope to close this debate…”

These statements go well beyond cautious scientific language. In high-quality research reporting, especially in fields with public health implications, phrases like “with great clarity” or “close this debate” are red flags. Science rarely “closes debates” based on one study—especially in complex, emerging fields.

Backward logic

“We devised a comprehensive experimental setup… to close this debate.”

This reflects circular reasoning: the null result is used to retroactively justify the method, rather than the method standing independently of the outcome.

Clarifying 5G Frequency Ranges
It is misleading to present findings from studies on millimeter waves (mmWave) as representative of all 5G frequencies. In reality, 5G includes a wide range of frequencies, each with different coverage and potential biological effects.

Most countries use mid-band 5G, particularly n78 (3.5 GHz), due to its balance of speed and range. Low-band (e.g., 700 MHz, n28) supports broad coverage, especially in rural areas, while mmWave bands like n260 and n261 offer high speeds but remain limited due to short range and infrastructure needs.

Regions such as China and South Korea also use bands like n79 (4.9 GHz) and n257 (26 GHz) to boost capacity. The C-Band (n77/n78) is becoming the global standard for its practicality.

In light of this, studies that only examine mmWave exposures—such as those at 26 or 40 GHz—cannot be taken as definitive evidence for the safety of all 5G technologies. Broader investigation across commonly used mid- and low-band frequencies is essential for a more complete understanding of potential health effects.

Study Relevance (According to the Authors)

• The rollout of 5G technology and the planned use of even higher frequencies have raised public concerns, particularly about potential cancer risks and genetic effects.
  
• Previous studies investigating health effects of radiofrequency radiation have been criticized for:
  
  • Lack of blinded conditions,
    
  • Inadequate temperature control,
    
  • Limited transparency in statistical analysis.
    
• This study aimed to address those criticisms through a rigorously controlled experimental setup.
  
• The researchers exposed two types of human skin cells (keratinocytes and fibroblasts) to high-frequency electromagnetic fields under worst-case exposure conditions.
  
• According to the authors, no significant changes were found in gene expression or DNA methylation patterns after exposure.
  
• They suggest these findings may help reduce public uncertainty about 5G by providing “well-founded facts.”
  
• The authors also propose that their statistical approach could be useful in other fields where demonstrating the absence of a biological effect is important.

An independent take on key nuances to be aware of

• The exposure duration was either 2 or 48 hours, which may not reflect real-life chronic, long-term exposure.
  
• Cell cultures in petri dishes are not equivalent to whole human biology—this model lacks the complexity of real tissues and systems.
  
• Only two cell types were used, both from the skin, even though 5G signals (including other than mmwaves) can penetrate deeper or affect neurological and immune systems indirectly.
  

It’s worth noting that the study used penicillin-streptomycin in the culture media. Emerging research shows that antibiotics in mammalian cell cultures—especially streptomycin—can affect gene expression and epigenetic regulation. This could introduce subtle confounders—particularly in transcriptomic analyses—where even minor gene expression shifts can be misinterpreted. For more on this topic: Antibiotic Use in Mammalian Cell Cultures – EMFSA

BERENIS on RF-EMF, ICNIRP Guidelines, and the Precautionary Principle

BERENIS, the Swiss expert group on electromagnetic fields and non-ionising radiation, notes that evidence on health effects from RF-EMF in the millimetre wave (MMW) range (>5.8 GHz) remains limited and uncertain. Some studies suggest possible effects on learning and cellular stress, but data quality is poor and human or ecological studies are lacking. BERENIS recommends applying the precautionary principle and supports stricter guidelines for exposures above 6 GHz until more robust research is available.

This is an excerpt. Read the full statement here:
BERENIS – Swiss Expert Group on Electromagnetic Fields, Newsletter, May 2025. https://www.bafu.admin.ch/bafu/en/home/topics/electrosmog/beratende-expertengruppe-nis-berenis/newsletter-of-the-swiss-expert-group-on-electromagnetic-fields-a.html

One study does not settle the science—just as one swallow does not make a summer. As 5G deployment continues, rigorous multi-frequency, long-term studies—free from media hype—remain essential for public trust and scientific integrity.

Independent analysts such as Einar Flydal and Microwave News have also questioned the framing and interpretation of the study’s findings.

• How to Bluff with Research: Alexander Lerchl Rides Again – Einar Flydal https://einarflydal.com/2025/05/24/hvordan-bloffe-med-forskning-alexander-lerchl-rir-igjen
  
• Alexander Lerchl – Microwave News archive https://microwavenews.com/news-tags/alexander-lerchl

References

• 5G Bands by Country: A Global Guide to Frequency Allocations [2025] – OneSDR
  https://onesdr.com/5g-bands-by-country-a-global-guide-to-frequency-allocations
• 5G wireless signals were extensively tested and the final verdict is out on their human impact – Earth.com
  https://www.earth.com/news/5g-wireless-signals-are-finally-proven-to-be-completely-safe
• Even if 5G penetrates a few millimetres into the skin, it is safe – Cosmos Magazine
  https://cosmosmagazine.com/technology/internet/5g-safe-gene-expression
• Jyoti Jyoti, Isabel Gronau, Eda Cakir, Marc-Thorsten Hütt, Alexander Lerchl, Vivian Meyer.
  5G-exposed human skin cells do not respond with altered gene expression and methylation profiles.
  PNAS Nexus, Volume 4, Issue 5, May 2025, pgaf127.
  https://doi.org/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgaf127
• Most Rigorous Study Of Human Cells Exposed To 5G Strikes Blow At Common Conspiracy Theory – IFLScience
  https://www.iflscience.com/what-happened-when-scientists-exposed-human-cells-to-5g-absolutely-nothing-79247
• Scientists Blasted Human Cells With 5G to See What Would Happen – Gizmodo
  https://gizmodo.com/scientists-blasted-human-cells-with-5g-to-see-what-would-happen-20006025
• Study debunks 5G health conspiracy theory (again) – Popular Science
  https://www.popsci.com/health/5g-conspiracy-theory-debunk
• Take off your tinfoil hat: Exposure to 5G doesn’t alter your genes, new study finds – Android Authority
  https://www.androidauthority.com/5g-study-human-cells-3558167
• Stay calm & keep scrolling: New Constructor University study finds no evidence of cell damage from 5G (Constructor University press release)
  https://nachrichten.idw-online.de/2025/05/14/stay-calm-keep-scrolling-new-constructor-university-study-finds-no-evidence-of-cell-damage-from-5g?groupcolor=1
• Constructor University Facebook Reel – “It is safe to use 5G…”
  https://www.facebook.com/reel/1115881970554429
• Constructor University on Instagram –
  https://www.instagram.com/reel/DJmCssECUPq/

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